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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lock and key mechanism
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mechanism of drugs which block the neurotransmitter-receiving receptors on the signal-receiving cell such that no electrical impulse is transmitted between these cells
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reserpine
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a drug which causes norepinephrine to leak out of vesicles; stops nerve impulses; extracted from the Snakeroot plant; antihypertensive; has Parkinson's-like side effects; causes dopamine to leak out of vesicles
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amphetamines
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drugs which squeeze norepinephrine and dopamine out of vesicles, causing them to release; these drugs are stimulants
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tricyclics
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drugs which prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitters; they are mood elevators; discovered when scientists were trying to improve chlorpromazine
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MAO inhibitors
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drugs which prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitters
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neuroleptics
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drugs used to treat schizophrenia; block dopamine receptors on receiving cells; too high a dose leads to schizophrenia, too low a dose leads to parkinson's
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schizophrenia
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a mental condition characterized with a loss of contact with reality; large spectrum of disease with varying degrees of severity; visual/auditory hallucinations; delusions of persecution;
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Henri Laborit
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a physician who contributed to the development of modern treatment of schizophrenics; suggested the use of promethazine, an antihistamine, to treat anxiety in schizophrenics
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Promethazine (Phenergan)
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an antihistamine once used to calm schizophrenic patients
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Chlorpromazine
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a drug modelled after promethazine; it induced calming effects in schizos by reducing dopamine levels and blocking dopamine receptors; side effect is parkinson's-like symptoms
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Nathan Kline
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a psychiatrist who experimented with drugs to treat schizos; he discovered reserpine; he alo treated depressed patients with iproniazid
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Parkinsons
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a disease caused by a lack of dopamine
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Perphenazine
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a drug which is an improved version of Chlorpromazine and is used to treat schizophrenia; it has reduced side effects
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Haldol (Haloperidol)
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a drug used to treat schizophrenia which has parkinson's like side effects
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Clozapine, Risperidone, Olanzapine
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common drugs used to treat schizophrenia; they work well in different people, and are often administered via a trial and error method
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25
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percentage of schizophrenics which achieve remission with appropriate medications
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depression
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a mental illness characterized by a feeling of hopelessness, pessimism, and uselessness; these feelings are not triggered by a rational thought but are present at all times for no apparent reason
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antidepressants
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drugs which treat depression; one of the most popular types of prescription drugs
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Imipramine (Tofranil)
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a chlorpromazine derivative which was ineffective at treating schizophrenia but was found to elevate mood; blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
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Amitriptyline (Deprex)
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a tricyclic used to treat depression; discovered by modifying imipramine; one of the most successful antidepressants
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anafranil
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another tricyclic drug; it is frequently used to treat OCD; it increases serotonin levels; it causes dizziness, sedation, dry mouth, weight gain, and sexual disfunction
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anticholinergic
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a side effect of tricyclics which involves dry mouth and blurred vision, it is caused by blocking the acetylcholine neurotransmitter receptor
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antiadrenergic
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a side effect of tricyclics; it results in an irregular heart beat; it is caused by blocking epinephrine receptor
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Prozac
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a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI); it is the antidepressant most frequently prescribed by psychiatrists; can be used to treat OCD
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Sertraline, Fluovoxamine, Maprotiline, Paroxetine, Trazodone, Citalopram
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other SSRIs
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nausea, anxiety, sleep distrubances, sexual disfunction
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side effects of SSRIs
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Joseph Wesbecker
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a man from Louisville, KY, who went on a shooting spree, killing a few people; he was taking Prozac for his depression, and it was blamed for his rage, though never proven
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higher suicide rate
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a debated possible side effect of SSRIs; however, a study with rats showed no difference in rates between Prozac, tricyclic drugs, and placebo
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scientology
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a belief that is very hard to describe; believe that humans coexisted with aliens from another planet (thetan spirits); completely against the use of drugs to treat mental illness, often citing invalid evidence and theories
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Tom Cruise
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a champion of Scientology who promotes scientological theories, including the idea that mental illness should not be treated with drugs
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2
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percentage of the population that suffers from OCD
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20
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percentage of first degree relatives of sufferers of OCD that also have the disease; percentage of OCD patients that have ticks
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50
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percent of patients with Tourette's syndrome that also have OCD
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Tourettes Syndrome
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a bizarre condition in which the person makes sounds/utters obscenities and cannot control it; the leading expert is a sufferer of the disease
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obsession
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an unwanted, unreasonable, and intrusive thought
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compulsion
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rituals performed to gain relief from obsessive thought
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Howard Hughes
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engineer and philanthropist that built the Spruce Goose, the largest wood-built plane; suffered from OCD, was very germaphobic and lived alone for a long time to avoid human contact
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Trigotylomania
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pulling and twisting of the hair (to the point of removal), an example of OCD
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Gourmand Syndrome
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OCD which involves obsession to eat, cook, and talk/write about eating; has occurred in patients who've suffered a stroke
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caudate nucleus
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part of brain associated with OCD; there is reduced activity in it both with drug treatment and behaviour therapy
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PANDA (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders)
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type of OCD associated with streptococcus infections; caused by the antibodies to the streptococci attacking the brain; antibodies can be filtered out as treatment
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Amoxil
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an antibiotic which can treat OCD which is derived from bacterial infection
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17
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average amount of years it takes for OCD patients to get appropriate treatment
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3-4, 9
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on average, patients with OCD see ___ doctors and spend __ years seeking treatment before correct diagnosis
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40-60, 30
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____% of OCD patients respond to SSRIs with an improvement in symptoms of ___% of people
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Fluoxetine, Fuvoxamine, Sertraline Paroxetine
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drugs used to treat OCD
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St. John's Wort
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a mild antidepressant which is available oer the counter; it is sometimes used to treat OCD
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behavioural therapy
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a treatment for OCD which involves confrontational/challenge therapy; people are forced to confront their fear while being assured that they are safe; not psychotherapy
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10-20, 85
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___ sessions of behavioural therapy improve symptoms by ___ %
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation
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a treatment for OCD which involves placing external magnets around the head which stimulate the individual some way
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The Boy Who Couldn't Stop Washing
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a book about OCD recommended by Dr. Schwarcz
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Iproniazid
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a drug used to treat patients with tuberculosis in the 1950s; a side effect was it made people happy; it is a MAO inhibitor; patients who take it and eat old cheese can die from stroke/high BP
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MAO
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the enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin; it also breaks down tyramine
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tyramine
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a compound found in wine, beer, chocolate, chicken liver, herring, demerol, and decongestants, and cheese which is a vasopressor; it is broken down by MAO; patients on MAO inhibitors need to avoid it
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bipolar (manic depressive) disease
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a disease in which patients swing from mania to depression; personality appears cyclic
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John Cade
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an Australian doctor who was in a Japanese prison camp during WWII; he experimented with urine of patients and guinea pigs; injected lithium salt of uric acid into guinea pigs, which calmed them, then used it to treat manic-depressive patients
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lithium carbonate
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salt which interferes with inositol synthesis; side effects include trembling hands, odd tongue movements, and nausea; it calms manic-depressive patients
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Depakote
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a drug used to treat bipolar disorder
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pathological anxiety
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unprovoked anxiety; feeling of apprehension, uncertainty, or fear that is out of proportion to a stimulus
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barbiturates
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the first drugs used to treat anxiety; first introduced in the 1800s as sleeping agents; effective but addictive; cause central nervous system depression and must not be taken with alcohol
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Frank Berger
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a Czech chemist who worked on barbiturates and other anti-anxiety agents; discovered Mephenisin
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Mephenisin
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a drug which has muscle relaxant and anti-anxiety effects
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Meprobamate
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a drug which is chemically similar to Mephenisin; it has significant antianxiety properties
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Librium and Valium
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the classic anti-anxiety drugs of today; have few side effects; increase the quantities of GABA; can cause sleep in high dosages; often abused because of side effects
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Dalmane (Flurazepam), Ativan
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antianxiety drugs that can put you to sleep at high concentrations
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Xanax
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a popular antianxiety drug
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Judy Garland
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actress who died by mixing alcohol and barbiturates
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