Chem 110 Midterm 2

Front 1

luminescence

Back 1

light without heat

Front 2

fluorescence

Back 2

light that only appears under exciting radiation

Front 3

phosphorescence

Back 3

light that continues after exciting radiation stops

Front 4

degree of penetration among alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray emission

Back 4

alpha, beta, gamma

Front 5

alpha decay

Back 5

loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons (alpha particle emitted)

Front 6

beta decay

Back 6

neutron --> proton (beta particle emitted)

Front 7

positron emission

Back 7

proton --> neutron (positron emitted)

Front 8

electron capture

Back 8

proton --> neutron (electron consumed)

Front 9

gamma (annihilation) emission

Back 9

positron hits electron, emitting 2 gamma rays

Front 10

decay constant k

Back 10

k = 0.693/(t1/2)

Front 11

equation for rate of decay A

Back 11

A = k*N

Front 12

equation for decay time t

Back 12

ln(Nt/No) = - k*t

Front 13

ratio for number of half-lives n

Back 13

Nt/No = (1/2)^n

Front 14

mass accelerated carbon 14 spectrometry

Back 14

uses smaller samples. measures # of carbon 14 atoms instead of radioactivity

Front 15

transmutation

Back 15

nonspontaneous fission. Strassman and Hahn split uranium nuclei

Front 16

mass defect

Back 16

loss of mass during conversion of nucleons into nucleus

Front 17

binding energy

Back 17

given off in formation of nucleus. has a negative value

Front 18

grams from mass number

Back 18

amu/Na = grams

Front 19

A-bomb

Back 19

fission

Front 20

H-bomb

Back 20

fusion

Front 21

trigger for H-bomb

Back 21

A-bomb

Front 22

trigger for A-bomb

Back 22

conventional explosives

Front 23

neutron bomb

Back 23

H-bomb with last layer (fission) removed. smaller but more lethal than H-bomb.

Front 24

Chernobyl

Back 24

graphite instead of water as moderator. lost cooling. no containment building.

Front 25

Three Miles Island

Back 25

US. lost cooling. radioactive leakage.

Front 26

Hiroshima

Back 26

fission of uranium. critical mass achieved when 2 uranium pieces collided.

Front 27

Nagasaki

Back 27

fission of polonium. critical mass achieved when compressed.

Front 28

dipole moment

Back 28

mu. caused by difference in electronegativity. points in negative direction.

Front 29

polarity

Back 29

polar if net dipole moment not zero

Front 30

equation for dipole moment mu

Back 30

mu = q*d
q: charge d: displacement

Front 31

equation for formal charge FC

Back 31

FC = # valence - # lone electrons - # bonds

Front 32

charge of species

Back 32

sum of formal charges

Front 33

negative formal charge should be on

Back 33

most electronegative atom

Front 34

elements likely to have incomplete octet

Back 34

H, Be, B, Al

Front 35

elements likely to have expanded octet

Back 35

elements with d orbitals (S, P)

Front 36

paramagnetic species

Back 36

odd # of valence electrons

Front 37

sigma bond

Back 37

first bond
electron density around bond axis.
s-s overlap
p-p head to head overlap
s-p head to head overlap

Front 38

pi bond

Back 38

second and third bonds
electron density above and below bond axis
p-p side to side overlap

Front 39

m+n = 2 (n=0)

Back 39

linear
nonpolar
180

Front 40

m+n = 3 (n=0)

Back 40

trigonal planar
nonpolar
120

Front 41

m+n = 3 (n=1)

Back 41

bent
(polar)
120

Front 42

m+n = 4 (n=0)

Back 42

tetrahedral
(nonpolar)
109.5

Front 43

m+n = 4 (n=1)

Back 43

trigonal pyramidal
(polar)
109.5

Front 44

m+n = 4 (n=2)

Back 44

bent
(polar)
109.5

Front 45

m+n = 5 (n=0)

Back 45

trigonal bipyramidal
(nonpolar)
120, 90

Front 46

m+n = 5 (n=1)

Back 46

sawhorse
(polar)
120, 90

Front 47

m+n = 5 (n=2)

Back 47

T-shaped
(polar)
120, 90

Front 48

m+n = 5 (n=3)

Back 48

linear
(polar)
180

Front 49

m+n = 6 (n=0)

Back 49

octahedral
(nonpolar)
90, 180

Front 50

m+n = 6 (n=1)

Back 50

square pyramidal
(polar)
90, 180