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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polarity |
makes it an especially good solvent with other polar molecules |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
- take a large amount of energy to break - water readily forms H-bonds |
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Density Anomaly |
liquid from 0-100 C ↑ heat = ↓ density ↓ heat = ↑ density reaches maximum density @ 4C then expands with further freezing (floating ice) |
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Specific Heat |
high specific heat = resists temp change freezing - heat removal of 80 cal/g (heat of fusion) evaporation - heat addition of +500 cal/g (heat of vaporization) |
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Surface Tension |
due to H-bonds b/w molecules cohesive |
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Molecular structure of water & how it affects the properties of water |
the e- are unequally distributed in the molecule forcing it to arrange itself in a lattice |
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Why does ice float? What is the significance of this for life in water? |
water reaches max density @ 4 C then expands with further freezing - prevents bottoms of lakes/oceans from freezing & creates an insulating surface |
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River Continuum Concept |
continuous change in conditions from headwaters downstream |
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Littoral Zone |
- shallow water near edge - light penetrates to bottom (plants, weeds) |
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Pelagic (Limnetic) Zone |
- open water after littoral zone (grazers) |
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Benthic Zone |
- bottom; beyond light penetration (filter feeders) |
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Epilimnion |
- photic zone - "sweet spot" for photosynthesis |
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Hypolimnion |
- bottom - aphotic zone - profundal zone |
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Metalimnion |
- middle - aphotic zone - profundal zone |
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Thermocline |
steep temp change |
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Streams |
- constant moving water - form wherever precip. exceeds evaporation/draining of excess water - have riffles & runs(pools) |
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Riffles |
water running over rocky substrate |
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Pools |
deeper/slower moving water |
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Stream Order |
larger stream = ↑# smaller stream = ↓# |
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Name & describe the different zones found in lakes |
Top to Bottom: Littoral - close to shore Limnetic - open water Epilimnion - photic zone Meta/Hypolimnion - aphotic Benthic - bottom; beyond light penetration |
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What are the physical/biological differences b/w streams & lakes? |
Physical: Lakes = bigger, slower moving Biological: Lakes = more phytoplankton, less suspended material, larger organisms |
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Compare/contrast riffle & pool environments |
Both are part of streams/rivers Riffle: faster moving water over rocky substrate Pool: slower/deeper moving water |
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Describe the effect of current speed on organisms found in streams |
Body shape (broad or streamlined), behavior (feeding), adaptations (attaching ability), & distribution (preference of speed) depend on current. |
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What is the pattern of longitudinal sediment distribution in a stream? |
Distance Downstream ↓ Headwaters ↓ Boulders/Cobble ↓ Gravel ↓ Sand ↓ Silt |
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Stratification |
Layering of water based on temperature (Heat rises) |
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Overturn |
Mixing of stratified layers (seasonal) |
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Isothermal |
April & Nov graphs - consistent temp throughout depths |
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Fetch |
Length of water wind has blown over |
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Describe the relationship b/w temperature and density for water |
liquid from 0-100 C ↑ heat = ↓ density ↓ heat = ↑ density reaches maximum density @ 4C then expands with further freezing (floating ice) |
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Describe a general pattern of annual changes of temperature in deep lakes |
Spring: Isothermal; beginning turnover Summer: Stratification & thermocline Fall: Less stratification; beginning turnover Winter: Isothermal |
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What factors influence the turnover cycle & it's timing in lakes? |
wind & air temp |
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Distinguish between amictic, monomictic, dimictic, & polymictic lakes |
Amictic: 0x turnover/year (polar) - most unusual - constant cold temp Monomictic: 1x turnover/year (tropical) - unusual - not sharp seasonal changes Dimictic: 2x turnover/year (here) - normal - deep temperate zone Polymictic: frequent turnover (small lakes) - normal - shallow temperate zone |
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How do latitude & depth interact to influence the turnover pattern of a lake? |
Latitude: location of lake (tropical, polar, temperate) Depth: ease of temp change (shallow = easy; deep = more difficult) |
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Visible Light Spectrum |
Visible light: 400-700nm UV: <400nm IR: >700nm |
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PAR (photosynthetcially active radiation) |
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Infrared |
>700nm strongly absorbed by water |
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Photic Zone |
area with + net daily primary production (euphotic) - surface thru depth with .5-1% irradiance - 2-3x Secchi depth |
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Aphotic Zone |
bottom of photic zone to lake bottom |
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Water Transparency |
how far light penetrates thru water - Secchi disc LAKES deep - T-tube STREAMS shallow - light meters (radiometers) LAKE/ESTUARY deep |
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Secchi Disc |
measures transparency of water (deeper) |
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Transparency Tube |
measures transparency of water (shallow) |
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What factors influence the intensity of light that reaches the surface of a lake? |
clouds, air pollution, etc... |
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What wavelengths of light are mostly used by plants for photosynthesis? |
all but green (reflected) |
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Describe the general relationship between light intensity & depth |
exponential |
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Discuss which wavelengths of light penetrate the deepest & shallowest in water |
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What is the seasonal pattern of Secchi disc transparency in a typical lake? What causes changes in transparency? |
lower in times of algal bloom |
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How does water clarity affect transparency? |
turbid water has more suspended sediment |
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Winkler Titration |
determines dissolved oxygen concentration |
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Orthograde |
type of oxygen distribution w/ depth -typical of unproductive lake |
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Clinograde |
type of oxygen distribution w/ depth -typical of productive lake |
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Heterograde |
type of oxygen distribution w/ depth -can be + or - -altered by photosynthesis or decomp |
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What is the relationship b/w dissolved oxygen & water temperature? |
warmer water holds less gas |
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What processes increase/decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen? |
↑ w/ photosynthesis ↓ w/ decomposition (cellular resp) |
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How does temperature stratification affect the distribution of dissolved oxygen in a lake? |
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Distinguish b/w orthograde, clinograde, & heterograde patterns of dissolved oxygen distribution What factors are responsible for these different patterns? |
ortho: unproductive clino: productive + hetero: photosynthesis in metalimnion - hetero: respiration in metalimnion |
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Phytoplankton |
zooplankton that rely on photosynthesis |
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Photoautotrophs |
- cyanobacteria - heterocyst (nitrogen fixation) - mucous sheath - photosynthesis |
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Chemoautotrophs |
get energy from chemical reactions |
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Chemoheterotrophs |
use energy and carbon from chemical reactions |
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Heterocyst |
used for nitrogen fixation in phytoplankton |
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Akinete |
reproductive cell |
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Mucous Sheath |
protection, suspension, distasteful for predators |
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Gas Vesicle |
- control buoyancy - regulated by photosynthesis |
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What are the characteristics of prokaryotes? |
- no membrane-bound nucleus - single chromosome (DNA) - usually cell wall - prokaryotic fission - metabolic diversity |
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What are the differences in how the process of photosynthesis takes place b/w eukaryotes & prokaryotes? |
Eukaryotes: use inter-folded membranes Prokaryotes: use chloroplasts |
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What are the Archaea? Where do they live? |
EXTREMOPHILES methanogens - strictly anaerobic (swamps/marshes/guts) halophiles - salty environments (Dead Sea) thermophiles - hot environments (60-80 C; thermal vents/sulfur springs) |
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What are the characteristics of cyanobacteria? |
- photoautotrophs - live in ponds/lakes - heterocyst - differentiated cells (colonies) |
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What is nitrogen fixation? How is it accomplished in many cyanobacteria? |
Done in the heterocyst - turns atmospheric N to nitrate |
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How do prokaryotic cells remain closer to the surface? Why is this important? |
GAS VESICLE! This helps them stay closer to the light they need for photosynthesis |
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Protozoa |
- type of heterotroph - animal-like protista - unicellular - characterized by movement (flagellates / ciliated paramecium) |
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Diatoms (Chrysophyta) |
- autotrophs - glass-like appearance (silica walls) - yellow-brown algae |
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Cellulose |
- gives structure to plants - like starch but indigestible - cell walls in green algae |
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Silica |
- cell walls of diatoms |
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Chlorophyta |
GREEN ALGAE - freshwater - resemble plants - sexual & asexual reproduction - primarily haploid |
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What are the general characteristics of protists? How do they differ from prokaryotes? |
Protists have: - membrane-bound organelles - proteins associated w/ DNA - microtubules, cilia, flagella - chloroplasts - mitosis & meiosis |
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How do protists get food? |
- Heterotrophs: eat other organisms - Autotrophs: photosynthesis - Heteroautotrophs: both |
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What are the major groups of protists found in freshwater lakes & streams? |
- Chlorophyta (yellow-brown) - Chrysophyta (green) - Cyanobacteria (blue-green) |
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What are the differences b/w diatoms & green algae? |
Diatoms: - silica walls - glass-like - lipid storage Greens: - green color - unicellular, filaments, or colonies - starch storage |
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Describe the typical life cycle of a small green algae |
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Corona |
- top "crown" |
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Masitx |
- "mouth" |
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Toe (adhesive gland) |
- used to attach |
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Keratella |
- type of rotifer - barrel-like body |
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Amictic Eggs |
- diploid - can't be fertilized - clone *normal method of reproduction* |
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Mictic Eggs |
- haploid - must be fertilized *only under certain environmental conditions* |
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Resting Eggs |
- fertilized mictic egg - dormant - sit in brood chamber |
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Meiosis |
- only used under certain circumstances |
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Antennula |
- #1/2 |
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Carapace |
- #13 |
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Thoracic Limbs |
- #8 |
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Filter Combs |
between thoracic limbs |
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Parthenogenesis |
- females produce eggs that develop w/o fertilization |
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Ephippium |
- resting eggs/brood chamber |
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Spermatophore |
- attaches to female to produce egg sack in copepods |
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Nauplius |
- 1st larval stage copepods |
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Describe the general anatomy of rotifers, daphnia, & copepods |
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Describe the reproduction & life cycle of rotifers, especially the difference b/w haploid & diploid eggs |
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Describe the feeding behavior of Daphnia |
filter feed |
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List the major events in the life cycle of Daphnia What determines whether males are produced? |
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Describe the feeding behavior of copepods How is this different from Daphnia? |
particle feed vs. filter feed |
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Describe reproductive behavior of copepods What is the role of male competition? |
spermatophore attaches to female to form egg sack |
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How does the copepod life cycle differ from Daphnia? |
direct mating vs. parthenogenesis |
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What are the costs & benefits of pigment production in zooplankton? |
visibility protection from light |
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Plankton Net |
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Chlorophyll a |
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How do you sample phytoplankton abundance quantitatively & qualitatively? |
Quantitative Chl a concentration Qualitative observe presence |
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What does a Secchi disc measure? How is it related to phytoplankton abundance? |
water transparency |
