Characteristics Of Life

Front 1

Characteristics of life

Back 1

1-aquires and uses material and energy

2-maintains organized complexity

3-perceives and responds to stimuli

4-grows

5-reproduces

6-evolves

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levels of Biology

Back 2

1- ecology

(biosphere-whole world)

(ecosystem-prairie, ocean), (community- snakes effect on mouse population),

species,

population.

2-anatomy/physiology

(multicellular organism),

(organ system),

(organ),

(tissue).

3-cellular/molecular-

cell,

molecule,

atom

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Cell theory

Back 3

All cells come from preexisting cells

Front 4

Scientific Method

Back 4

1-observation

2-questions

3-hypothesis

4-experiment

5-conclusion

(Validity reliability)

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Cell features

Back 5

Transmits info through DNA

RNA- translation

Protein

Has a plasma membrane

Harnesses energy

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Independent variable

Back 6

What you set (salt levels/music with plants)

Hint 6

What you do

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Dependant variables

Back 7

What we measure/ results (height of the plants/how many tomato plants produced)

Hint 7

What your subjects do

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Controlled variables

Back 8

Things you keep the same or constant for all treatments (water the same amount, same temp, sunlight, room)

Front 9

Cell Characteristics

Back 9

Small (1-100 micrometers in diameter

Exchange materials w/external environment

Need to be close to external environment

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Common Cell Features

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Plasma membrane

Lipids, protein, carbohydrates

Steroids

Glycoproteins

Transports protein

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Cytoplasma

Back 11

Prokaryotic (bacteria/no nucleus)

Eukaryoric (has nucleus)

ALL MATERIAL BETWEEN PLASMA MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

Back 12

The lipid bilayer is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.

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Cytosol/ Cytoplasm

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Cytosol-Fluid between plasma membrane and nucleus (metobolic activity occurs)

Cytoplasm- organelles and cytosal (DNA-stores genetic info, RNA-transports info and produces protein)

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Back 14

Front 15

2 Types of Cells

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Prokaryotic (bacteria/archaea) simple cell, no membrane bound organelles/no nucleus)

Eukaryotic (plants,fungus, animals, protozoans, algae) larger than prokaryotic , with a nucleus, mitochondria (creates the energy to run cell), chloroplasts (converts sun energy to food).

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Back 16

Pathway for moving things in cell

Function

Maintains/changes shape of cell

Providing for cell movement

Providing for organelle movement

Facilitate cell division

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Mitosis/Meiosis

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Cells divide and reproduce in two ways: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells developing from a single parent cell.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is the division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number ofchromosomes of the original cell.Mitosis is used by single-celled organisms to reproduce; it is also used for the organic growth of tissues, fibers, and membranes. Meiosis is found in sexual reproduction of organisms. The male and female sex cells (i.e., egg and sperm) are the end result of meiosis; they combine to create new, genetically different offspring.

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Cilia/Flagella

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Function-TO MOVE CELL or fluid pass cell (filter feeders)

Covered by plasma membrane

Movement

Cilia (hairlike) short, abundant, rowing motion

Flagella (sperm) long, generally one or two per cell, wavelike motion

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Experiments that dispove spontaneous generation and shows cells come from existing cells.

Back 19

Pasteur

Redi

Hint 19

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Microscopy

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Light Microscopy

Limited by the wavelengths visable to light (light source at the bottom, bottom to top)

Electron Microscopy

To see things smaller than wavelengths of visable light.

Uses magnets to focus

Light source at the top (top to bottom)

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Endomembrane System

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These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of theendomembrane system include: the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane

Hint 21

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Smooth ER

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(Factory)

No ribosome on it

Detoxifies chemicals

Stores calcium

Produces lipids

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Golgi Apparatus (SHIPPING AND RECEIVING)

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System of membranes and sacs

Modifies molecules from ER (adds sugars to make glycoproteins and make a them into final product)

Produces polysaccharides (big sugars)

Packages protein/lipids to transport out of cell

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Lysosomes

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Contains digestive enzymes used to break down this to dispose (we use lysosomes to break down old organellea, fuses with good vacuoles to digest)

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Vacuoles/Contractile Vacuoles

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Membrane sac/single cell organism w/o cell walls, contracts to eliminate excess water.

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Central Vacuoles

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Plant cels , stores pigments, waste and nutrients. Contributes to turgor pressure (turgor pressure provided by osmosis in a hypotonic solution pushes outward on the plant cell wall, which is just what the plant cell needs to maintain its structure.)

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Plasma Membrane

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a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

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Ribosomes

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Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. (Made up of RNA)

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Cell Walls

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The cell wall is a very tough, flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, thecell wall acts as a filtering mechanism.

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Rough ER

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Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes

Smooth ER (SER) is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. It is ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats.

Front 31

Cell Cycle

Back 31

Cell cycle consist of interphase and cell division

Mitosis

G1- growth phase/differentiation

S(synthesis) phase- if cell decides to divide this phase is where DNA is replicated/chromosome duplication

G2- (growth phase 2) completion if cell growth and prep for division into daughter cells

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Cancer

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Proto-oncogene: A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes a noncogene that can contribute to cancer. (Cells lose normal control of cell cycle). Cancer generally requires (5) multiple mutations.

Causes for mutations- random changes, viruses, mutagens (chemicals, radiation)

Normal cell cycle is altered by mutations (tumor suppressor gene mutated)

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Cell Division (Eukaryotic cells)

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2 types of division

Mitotic- produces identical daughter cells, (USED FOR GROWTH AND CELL REPAIR)

Meiotic- produces 4 UNIQUE daughter cells (haploid) SEX CELLS

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Mitosis

Back 34

Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle process by which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.

(4 stages)

Prophase- 1st stage normal phase (cells spend 70% of their lives in this phase)

Metaphase- chromosomes align (line up)

Anaphase- chromosomes pull apart

Telophase- separation

Cyrokinesis- seperarion completed cells separate in to 2(animal cells) or form a cell plate (plant)

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Meiosis

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Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction. During reproduction, when the sperm and egg unite to form a single cell, the number of chromosomes is restored in the offspring. Meiosis begins with a parent cell that is diploid, meaning it has two copies of each chromosome. The parent cell undergoes one round of DNA replication followed by two separate cycles of nuclear division. The process results in four daughter cells that are haploid, which means they contain half the number of chromosomes of the diploid parent cell.

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Nucleus

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Cell Nucleus - Commanding the Cell The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell. It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.

Nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane- The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and all of its contents. The nuclear envelope is a membrane similar to the cell membrane around the whole cell. There are pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to pass through while the nuclear envelope keeps all of the chromatin and nucleolus inside.

Chromatin- is made of DNA, RNA, and nuclear proteins.DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids inside of the cell. When the cell is going to divide, the chromatin becomes very compact. It condenses. When the chromatin comes together, you can see the chromosomes.

nucleolus- inside of the nucleus. When you look through a microscope, it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. It is made of RNA and protein. It does not have much DNA at all

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Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are a part of eukaryotic cells. The main job of mitochondria is to perform cellular respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from the cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy. This energy is then in turn used by the cell to carry out various functions.

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Chloroplast

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Chloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. The organelles are only found in plant cells and some protists such as algae. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.

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Plastids

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The plastid is a major double-membrane organelle found, among others, in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell.

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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproductin

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Asexual(advantages) one parent/pass 100% of genes.(disadvantages) no variation changes to environment can affect.

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Incomplete/Complete Metamorphosis

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Incomplete and complete metamorphosis differ in the number of life cycle stages an organism will go through during its transformation from egg to adult.Complete metamorphosis has four distinct life cycle stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larva can be worm-like, although you can still see the six legs. The larvae eat constantly and grow rapidly. A hard, protective case forms around the larva; this is the pupa stage. Incomplete metamorphosis only has three life cycle stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The nymph looks similar to, but is a smaller version of, the adult. The nymph is also wingless.

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Methods of Asexual Reproduction

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Front 43

Parts of a Microscope

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Front 44

Why have a large surface to volume ratio for cells

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A larger surface area makes the cell more efficient. More cell membrane allows for more diffusion of fluids, wastes and nutrients.

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Rate of exchange and Surface to volume ratio

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What is the relationship between the rate of ion exchange and the surface-to volume ratio?

As the surface to volume decreases so does the rate ion exchange.

Front 46

Stages of Mitosis in an onion root

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