Chapterx17 Holt Sociology Collective Behavior & Social Movements

Front 1

What is collective behavior?

Back 1

relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations p436

Front 2

What is a collectivity?

Back 2

collection of people who have limited interaction with each other and who do not share clearly defined, conventional norms p436

Front 3

What is a crowd?

Back 3

temporary collection of people who are in close enough proximity to interact p437

Front 4

What is a mob?

Back 4

emotionally charged collectivity whose members are united by a specific, and often violent, goal p438

Front 5

What is a riot?

Back 5

crowd that erupts in generalized destructive behavior, the purpose of which is social disorder p438

Front 6

What is a panic?

Back 6

spontaneous and uncoordinated group action to escape some perceived threat p439

Front 7

What is a moral panic?

Back 7

phenomenon that occurs when people become fearful about behavior that appears to threaten society's core values p439

Front 8

What is mass hysteria?

Back 8

unfounded anxiety shared by people who are scattered over a wide geographic area p439

Front 9

What are fashion?

Back 9

enthusiastic attachment among large numbers of people for a particular style of appearance or behavior p440

Front 10

What are characteristics of collectivities?

Back 10

limited interaction, unclear norms and limited unity

Front 11

What is a fad?

Back 11

a fad is an unconventional thought or action that a large number of people are interested in for a very short period of time p440

Front 12

What is a rumor?

Back 12

unverified piece of information that is spread rapidly from one perso to another p441

Front 13

What is are urban legends?

Back 13

stories that are untrue but seem realistic and teach a lesson p441

Front 14

What is the public?

Back 14

group of geographically scattered people who interested in and divided by some issue p442

Front 15

What is public opinion?

Back 15

collection of differing attitudes that members of a public have about a particular issue p442

Front 16

What is propaganda?

Back 16

organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion p442

Front 17

What is the contagion theory?

Back 17

theory of collective behavior proposed by Gustave LeBon in which the hynotic power of a crowd is said to encourage people to give up their individuality to the stronger pull of the group. Individuals then become anonymous, with no will power or sense of responsibility p446

Front 18

Who proposed the contagion theory?

Back 18

this theory of collective behavior was proposed by Gustave LeBon

Front 19

What is the value-added theory?

Back 19

theory that explains crowd behavior as a process that moves from step to step

Front 20

What are the preconditions necessry for collective behavior to occur?

Back 20

structural conduciness, structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for action and social control

Front 21

What is the emergent norm theory?

Back 21

theory of collective behavior proposed by Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian. According to this theory, the people in a crowd are often faced with a situation in which traditional norms do not apply. Gradually, new norms emerge when a leader initiates new behavior. p447

Front 22

Name as many of the different types of collectivities as you can.

Back 22

crowds, mobs, riots, panic, mass hysteria, fashions, fads, rumors, urban legends, and public opinion

Front 23

What are seven propaganda techniques identified by social scientists?

Back 23

testimonials, transfer, bandwagon, name calling, plain-folks appeal, glittering generalities, and card stacking.

Front 24

What is a social movement?

Back 24

a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change p449, 54

Front 25

What is a reactionary movement?

Back 25

social movement with a goal to reverse current social trends p449

Front 26

What is a conservative movement?

Back 26

social movements that try to protect from change what they see as society's prevailing values p449

Front 27

What is a revisionary movement?

Back 27

social movement that tries to improve or revise some part of society through social change p450

Front 28

What is a revolutionary movement?

Back 28

a type of social movement, the goal of which is a total and radical change of the existing social structure p450

Front 29

What is the relative deprivation theory?

Back 29

theory that states that certain people have a lesser portion of social rewards compared to other people or groups p452

Front 30

What is resource mobilization?

Back 30

the organization and effective use of resources as essential to social movements p454

Front 31

What is the resource-mobilization theory?

Back 31

theory of social movements that states that even the most ill-treated group with the most just cause will not be able to bring about change without resources p454

Front 32

Describe the life cycle of a social movement.

Back 32

starts with agitation - initial stirrings of a movement; then legitimation - movement viewed as more respectable; then bureaucratization - structure of movement more formal; then institutionalization - movement an established part of sociey

Front 33

What is an reactionary movement? Give an example.

Back 33

social movement that tries to prevent a type of social change and return society to a past way of being; often use fear and violence; example: Ku Klux Klan

Front 34

What is a conservative movement? Give an example.

Back 34

a social movement that tries to protect prevailing values from what are seen as threats to those values; example: the religious right

Front 35

What is a revisionary movement? Give an example.

Back 35

social movement that tries to improve some part of society through social change; usually use legal methods and focus on a single issue; example: women's suffrage movement

Front 36

What is a revolutionary movement? Give an example.

Back 36

a social movement that seeks a total radical change of existing social structure, overthrow existing government and replace it with their own version; often involve violent or illegal methods; example: The American Revolution

Front 37

Compare the relative deprivation theory and the resource mobilization theory.

Back 37

relative deprivation - people join social movements because they feel deprived relative to other groups; resource-mobilization - only groups with resources will be able to generate change

Front 38

How do collectivities differ from social groups?

Back 38

Unlike social groups; collectivities have limited interaction, unclear norms, and limited unity.

Front 39

List and describe the four types of crowds identified by Herbert Blumer.

Back 39

casual - unorganized, temporary, little interaction; conventional - little interaction but structured; expressive - forms around an activity; and acting - violent and destructive.

Front 40

What are the four types of crowds identified by Herbert Blumer?

Back 40

casual, conventional, expressive and acting

Front 41

Who identifed the four types of crowds: casual, conventional, expressive and acting?

Back 41

Herbert Blumer

Front 42

What is the difference between fads and fashions?

Back 42

Fashions are attachments among people for particular behaviors. Fads are unconventional objects, ideas, or actions popular for a short period of time. Fads are less enduring and less predictable than fashions.

Front 43

What are the four types of social movements idenfied by William Bruce Cameron?

Back 43

reactionary, conservative, revisionary and revolutionary

Front 44

Who identified the four types of social movements: reactionary, conservative, revisionary and revolutionary

Back 44

William Bruce Cameron

Front 45

Why are the original goals of a social movement sometimes swept aside during the bureaucratization stage of the social movement life cycle?

Back 45

Goals are sometimes swept aside because more attention is paid to the day-to-day running of the organizaion.

Front 46

What do sociologists mean by the term relative deprivation?

Back 46

relative deprivation refers to how economically or socially deprived people feel compared to other groups in society

Front 47

According to resource-mobilization theory, what kinds of resources are needed for a social movement to be successful?

Back 47

The resources needed include supporters, financial resources, and media access.

Front 48

What propoganda technique refers to the use of endorsements by famous people to sell products or to secure votes?

Back 48

testimonial

Front 49

What propoganda technique refers attempts to associate a product or candidate with something that the public approves of or respects?

Back 49

transfer

Front 50

What propoganda technique appeals to the public's desire to conform?

Back 50

bandwagon

Front 51

What propoganda technique refers to the use of negative labels or images in order to make competitors appear in an unfavorable light?

Back 51

name-calling

Front 52

What propoganda technique attempts to sway public opinion by appealing to the average American?

Back 52

plain-folks appeal

Front 53

What propoganda technique refers to the use of words that sound positive but have little real meaning?

Back 53

glittering generalities

Front 54

What propoganda technique refers to the practice of presenting facts in a way that places politicians or products in a favorable light?

Back 54

card stacking

Front 55

What is the glittering generalities propaganda technique?

Back 55

refers to the use of words that sound positive but have little real meaning

Front 56

What is card stacking propaganda technique?

Back 56

refers to the practice of presenting facts in a way that places politicians or products in a favorable light

Front 57

What is the plain-folks propaganda technique?

Back 57

attempts to sway public opinion by appealing to the average American

Front 58

What is the name-calling propaganda technique?

Back 58

refers to the use of negative labels or images in order to make competitors appear in an unfavorable light

Front 59

What is the bandwagon propaganda technique?

Back 59

appeals to a public's desire to conform

Front 60

What is the transfer propaganda technique?

Back 60

it attempts to associate a product or candidate with something that the public approves of or respects

Front 61

What is the testimonials propaganda technique?

Back 61

refers to the use of endorsements by famous people to sell products or to secure votes

Front 62

Give an example of a testmonial propaganda advertisement you have seen.

Back 62

Answers will vary. The text gives the example of the "Got Milk" campaign with famous people like Marion Jones and Oscar de la Hoya with milk moustaches, touting the benefits of drinking milk

Front 63

Give an example of a transfer propaganda advertisement you have seen.

Back 63

Answers will vary. Text gives the example of advertisers displaying their products with national symbols, such as the flag or historic monuments, suggesting that buying the product is patriotic.

Front 64

Give an example of a bandwagon propaganda advertisement you have seen.

Back 64

Answers will vary. Text gives the example of a politician or product being promoted as one already popular with the public.

Front 65

Give an example of a name-calling propaganda advertisement you have seen.

Back 65

Answers will vary. Text gives example of a politician accusing their opponents of being reckless spenders.

Front 66

Give an example of a plain-folks propaganda advertisement you have seen.

Back 66

Answers will vary. Text gives example of politician being portrayed as a plain, hard-working American who just wants to do good things for the country.

Front 67

Give an example of a glittering generalities propaganda advertisement you have seen.

Back 67

Answers will vary. Text gives example of saying that a politician believes in freedom, democracy, and the American way.

Front 68

Give an example of a card stacking propaganda advertisement you have seen.

Back 68

Answers will vary. Text gives example of advertisers presenting statistics or survey results in a way that favors their products over those of their competitors.

Front 69

Who is responsible for the economic value-added theory being applied collective behavior?

Back 69

sociologist Neil Smelser

Front 70

According Neil Smelser's value-added theory as applied to collective behavior, what are the six basic preconditions or steps?

Back 70

structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for action, and social control.