Chapterx15 Holt Sociology Science And Mass Media

Front 1

What is science?

Back 1

pursuit of knowledge through systematic methods p376

Front 2

What is the sociology of science?

Back 2

sociological perspective that examines how scientific knowledge develops p376

Front 3

What is the scientific method?

Back 3

objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at conclusions p377

Front 4

What is universalism?

Back 4

a norm in scientific research that holds that research should be judged solely on the basis of quality p379

Front 5

What is organized skepticism?

Back 5

a norm in scientific research in which no scientific finding or theory is exempt from questioning p379

Front 6

What is communalism?

Back 6

a belief held among some scientists that all scientific knowledge should be made available to everyone in the scientific community p379

Front 7

What is disinterestedness?

Back 7

term in scientific research in which scientists should seek truth, not personal gain 379

Front 8

What is the "Matthew effect"?

Back 8

tendency for honors and recognition to go to those scientists who have already achieved recognition. On the other hand, they tend to be withheld from scientists who have not yet made their mark p383

Front 9

What is a paradigm?

Back 9

set of shared concepts, methods, and assumptions that make up the scientific reality at any point in time p385

Front 10

Describe the development of science as a social institution.

Back 10

Science emerged as a recognizable system of study in Greece during the 300s BC. In the 1300s, science was reborn in Europe as the result of several factors. In 1500s, a scientific revolution emerged. Industrialization led to the emergence of modern science in the late 1800s, early 1900s.

Front 11

Compare and contrast the norms and realities of science.

Back 11

Norms: universalism, organized skepticism, communalism, disinterestedness;
Realities: fraud, competition, Matthew effect, conflicting views of reality

Front 12

What is mass media?

Back 12

newspapers, magazines, books, televison, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the message and those receiving it p386, 113

Front 13

What is an information society?

Back 13

a society in which the exchange of information is the main social and economic activity p388

Front 14

What is media convergence?

Back 14

the idea that mass media are merging and are no longer separate entities p391

Front 15

What is the knowledge-gap hypothesis?

Back 15

idea that as new information enters society, wealthy and better-educated members acquire it at a faster rate than poor and less-educated people p394

Front 16

What is the digital divide?

Back 16

it is the gap between those with access to new technologies and those without p394

Front 17

What is social capital?

Back 17

social networks and the reciprocal norms associated with these networks that encourage people to do things for each other p396

Front 18

What is the spiral of silence?

Back 18

belief that as more people accept common opinions the people who disagree are less likely to voice their views p397

Front 19

What is agenda setting?

Back 19

the argument that the media sets the boundaries of public debate by deciding which issues will receive coverage and which will not p397

Front 20

What are gatekeepers?

Back 20

media executives, editors, or reporters who can open or close the "gate" on a particular news story p397

Front 21

What are opinion leaders?

Back 21

respected individuals in the community p397

Front 22

List in chronological order the major intellectual and technological innovations that marked the institutionalization of mass media.

Back 22

writing and paper, printing press, Industrial Ages, computer/information society

Front 23

What types of media are used to share the news, opinion pieces and editorials?

Back 23

print, audio, visual, online

Front 24

What types of media are used to advertise consumer products?

Back 24

print, audio, visual, online

Front 25

How does the news influence the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of people and groups?

Back 25

agenda setting by gatekeepers, spiral of silence

Front 26

How does advertising influence the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of people and groups?

Back 26

shapes people's views of society and what to buy, might keep people's minds off important issues and focused on consumerism

Front 27

Describe and give examples of some recent issues concerning mass media.

Back 27

examples include the mass media's influence on children, effect on civic and social life, and power in shaping public opinion

Front 28

What four factors contributed to the rebirth of science in Europe?

Back 28

the Renaissance, printing press, Age of Exploration, and Protestant Reformation

Front 29

How did world exploration influence societal behavior and the growth of scientific learning? (2 major ways)

Back 29

First, advances in astronomy and mathematics were needed to assist navigation. Second, explorers brought back strange plants, animals, and diseases that sparked scientific creativity.

Front 30

What three forces combined to encourage the development of the urban newspaper?

Back 30

urbanization, rising literacy, and advertising

Front 31

How do age, education, and income affect media consumption?

Back 31

Young people are more likely to go to the movies less likely to read newspapers. Newspaper and book readership increase with age, education and income. People with higher incomes are more likely to have cable and Internet access.

Front 32

What functions do the media serve?

Back 32

keeping track of what is happening in the world, interpreting information, transmitting cultural values, and entertaining people

Front 33

According to conflict sociologists, how does the knowledge gap help maintain social inequality?

Back 33

As new information enters society, wealthy and better-educated members acquire it at a faster rate than poor and less-educated people.

Front 34

According to Robert Putnam, how has television led to a decline in the social capital?

Back 34

It has led to less participation in civic and social activities.

Front 35

According to conflict sociologists, how does the knowledge gap help maintain social inequality?

Back 35

society, wealthy and better-educated members acquire it at a faster rate than poor and less-educated people.

Front 36

What effect did the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution have on the development of modern science?

Back 36

The Enlightenment supported reason over religion, and its main tool was the scientific method. The central purpose of industrialization was progreess, and science was seen as a tool of progress.

Front 37

What functions do the media serve?

Back 37

keeping track of what is happening in the world, interpreting information, transmitting cultural values, and entertaining people

Front 38

What is social capital?

Back 38

social networks and the reciprocal norms associated with these networks that encourage people to do things for each other

Front 39

What have been two results of pressure for the television industry to do something about violent programming?

Back 39

1. A rating system was establshed in 1997, and 2. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires all new televisions to hav a V-chip.

Front 40

What is a V-chip?

Back 40

It is a device required to be added to all new televisions since 1996. It allows the viewer to block reception of unwanted programming.