Chapters 9-12

Front 1

In 1960, a devastating tsunami generated off the west coast of South America, near Chile, struck Hilo. About how long did the tsunami take to travel from South America to Hilo?

Back 1

15 hours

Front 2

How does coral reef formation differ from most other natural processes that shape coastlines?

Back 2

they shape coasts through biological activity

Front 3

How can coastal features such as wave-cut notches exist thousands of feet below sea level in Hawai'i?

Back 3

the islands are sinking

Front 4

What was the relationship between global temperature and sea level in the Pleistocene Epoch?

Back 4

when temperatures warmed, sea levels rose

Front 5

how do hanging valleys with high waterfalls form?

Back 5

deep erosion by glaciers leaves stream beds stranded high above U-shaped valley floors

Front 6

a dune formed when wind blows from multiple directions, and may grow hundreds of feet high, is which type of dune

Back 6

star dune

Front 7

During interglacial, sea levels ________, temperatures_________, and the amount of global ice ____________.

Back 7

rose, rose, decreased

Front 8

How fast do most tsunamis travel in the opean ocean (in miles per hour, mph)?

Back 8

more than 400 mph

Front 9

if wave travels a distance of 5 wavelengths in 20 seconds, what is the wave period?

Back 9

4 seconds

Front 10

How can the Ice in a glacier be moving downhill but the tongue of the glacier be retreating at the same time?

Back 10

the tongue is melting faster than the ice is flowing downhill

Front 11

Some scientists have suggested that the trade wind inversion over Hawai'i was lower during the last glacial 21,000 years ago. This theory is based on evidence that the climate was

Back 11

wetter at low elevations, but drier between 1000 and 2000 meters (3000 and 6000 feet)

Front 12

Earlier in the course, you learned that the Hawaiian Island chain stretches far to the northwest and then continues underwater all the way to Asia. What best describes the last few islands remaining above water at the far northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain?

Back 12

atoll

Front 13

Surveys of the Martian surface revealed many soccer-ball sized rocks with flattened sides. These individual rocks are called

Back 13

ventifacts

Front 14

Cape Hatteras is located on a sand deposit, which is not connected to the mainland, that is hundreds of miles long off the east coast of North America. What is this formation called?

Back 14

barrier island

Front 15

Which of the following is the proper evolutionary sequence of volcanic island in the tropics, from youngest to oldest state?

Back 15

fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll, guyot

Front 16

If you come upon a wide landscape of rounded pebbles and bare rock, it was probably created by ___________ erosion.

Back 16

blowing wind

Front 17

why are some streams and rivers brown colored

Back 17

suspended sediments

Front 18

which of the following does the most work of erosion?

Back 18

running water

Front 19

if rain falls in one drainage basin, why can't it flow out a stream in a different drainage basin?

Back 19

it would have to flow uphill

Front 20

which drainage pattern would you most likely see on a round, volcanic island, such as Kauai?

Back 20

radial

Front 21

which directions do nickpoints move?

Back 21

upstream

Front 22

what is an important reason that amphitheater-headed valleys form in Hawai'i

Back 22

tapping of groundwater widens valley floors

Front 23

under what conditions do braided streams (streams with many channels) occur

Back 23

when the sediment load is greater than the ability of the stream to carry it

Front 24

why do oxbow lakes have a curved shape

Back 24

they used to be curved river channels

Front 25

which of the following is an example of chemical weathering

Back 25

dissolving limestone to form Carlsbad Caverns

Front 26

Hydration causes ___________ in rocks through the absorption of ____________.

Back 26

expansion, water

Front 27

When a stream renews downward erosion after creating floodplains, it can carve step-like

Back 27

stream terraces

Front 28

where will the next giant, submarine landslide probably occur in the Hawaiian islands?

Back 28

Big Island

Front 29

Why is there so little fluvial erosion on the active volcanoes in Hawai'i?

Back 29

highly porous rock and filing by lava flows

Front 30

why do so many people around the world live in floodplains?

Back 30

excellent farmland

Front 31

how does running water get its energy from sunlight?

Back 31

wind and evaporation

Front 32

which of the following rivers a bird's foot delta?

Back 32

Mississippi

Front 33

The Hawaiian Islands are what type of volcanic structure?

Back 33

shield volcano

Front 34

A hypsometric curve of Earth shows that most continental surface exists near _____________ and most ocean bottom is found at _____________.

Back 34

sea level, 2-3 mi (3-5 km) depth

Front 35

What causes basin and range topography?

Back 35

tension and faulting on large rock masses

Front 36

How was the Hilina Pali Fault System Formed

Back 36

the southern flank of Kilauea is slumping into the ocean

Front 37

Effusive, Hawaiian-type, volcanic eruptions are generally composed of ___________ lavas, high in _______________.

Back 37

basaltic, iron and magnesium

Front 38

what are rift zones on Hawaiian volcanoes?

Back 38

deep fractures in the mountain mass

Front 39

An earthquake of magnitude 6 on the Richter scale has how much greater seismic movement than a magnitude 3 earthquake.

Back 39

1000 times as much

Front 40

Where would you be most likely to find a continental shield

Back 40

center of Africa

Front 41

When were Diamond Head and Punchbowl Crater formed?

Back 41

within the past 100,000 years

Front 42

If someone told you they were looking at a horst and graben, you would immediately know that _____________.

Back 42

faulting had occurred in the area

Front 43

Which of the following is a dormant volcano in Hawai'i?

Back 43

Haleakala

Front 44

On average, compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is?

Back 44

older

Front 45

Which of the following are the first seismic waves to arrive during an earthquake?

Back 45

P-waves

Front 46

Terrane (not terrain) refers to

Back 46

newly accreted continental crust

Front 47

Magmas rich in silicates, having high viscosity, and associated with explosive eruptions are commonly found at

Back 47

subduction zones such as the Western Pacific rim

Front 48

As time passes, rock under compression may go through the following sequence, from youngest to oldest:

Back 48

thrust fault, syncline, anticline

Front 49

Which direction is the pacific plate moving?

Back 49

northwest

Front 50

which of the following would most likely preserve the skeleton of an extinct creature

Back 50

sedimentary rock

Front 51

the collision of what two plates has created the andes mountains?

Back 51

South American, Nazca

Front 52

Mid-oceanic ridges form over areas of ___________ and are composed of _______________ rock.

Back 52

mantle upwelling, mafic basalt

Front 53

when was the theory of plate tectonics proposed and accepted?

Back 53

latter half of the twentieth century

Front 54

most of Earth's volcanoes and earthquakes occur

Back 54

at plate boundaries

Front 55

Which of the following is true of Earth's continents and oceans?

Back 55

The total ocean area and total land area have been about the same over the past 500 million years

Front 56

Eurasia and North America were part of a group of continents that made up a large land mass called ___________ about ___________ million years ago.

Back 56

Laurasia, 135

Front 57

Marble is an example of what type of rock?

Back 57

metamorphic

Front 58

which of the following is an example of a geomorphic process?

Back 58

glacial erosion

Front 59

In general, exogenic (external) forces are _________ processes and endogenic (internal) forces are ____________ processes.

Back 59

mountain reducing, mountain building

Front 60

Which of the following gives the correct sequences of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center?

Back 60

crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core

Front 61

most continental crust is made of _____________.

Back 61

granite

Front 62

Which of the following is the correct order of age, from youngest island in the Hawaiian Island chain?

Back 62

Big Island, Maui, O'ahu, Kaua'i

Front 63

What is the Moho?

Back 63

a discontinuity between the upper mantle and the crust

Front 64

What would violate the Theory of Uniformatarianism?

Back 64

gravity has twice the acceleration today as it had 2 billion years ago

Front 65

Geomorphology

Back 65

studies the landforms that pattern Earth's surface and the processes that shapes them.

Front 66

Moho (Mohorovicic discontinuity)

Back 66

The crust and mantle are separated by a curious break which was discovered by analysis of seismic waves

Front 67

igneous rock

Back 67

the youngest rock, forms when molten magma (or lava, which is magma that flows onto the surface) cools and solidifies.