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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Moon Jellyfish
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Behavior
- Capture small preys Sensory system - Light sensitive recpetors Locomotion - Muscle Nervous System - Neurons forming a nerve net - No brain |
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Land Flatworms
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Behavior
- predatory - search for preys Sensory system - eye spots -> for light detection - chemo-receptors -> for smell Nervous system - perripheral neurons - primitive brain - nerve ganglion |
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Mud Wasps
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Behavior
- Nest building -> programmed - Incapable of learning Sensory system - Visual - Olfactory Nervous system - Small brain - Limited # of neurons |
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Honey Bees
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Behavior
- Eusocial - Communication - Pollen collection -> Last 2 wks of life - Learning Nervous system - Brain development - An additional 160,000 neurons - New synaptic connections - Evidence of learning |
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Meekrats
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Behavior
- Social group -> 40 individuals - Communication - Cooperative parental care - Alerting each other of dangers |
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Memory
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Memory is and orgnaism'a ability to store, retain, and subsequently retrieve information
Studies of Memory - Cognitive Psychology *Problem Solving, memory, language - Neuroscience *Biochemistry, gentics, molecular biology, medicine, evolution, psychology - Cognitive neuroscience |
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Classification of Memory
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By Duration
- Sensory - Short-term - Long- term By Information - Declaration - Procedural By Temproal Direction - Retrospective - Prosepective |
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Limbic System
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Hippocampus
- Long-term formation - Spatial memory Amygdala - Emotion center - Episodic memory Mammilary body - Long-term memory formation |
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Sensory Memory
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Types
- Iconic -> visual - Echoic -> auditory Duration - 100 to 500 ms Information Contents - Rich - Minimally filtered Lack of conscious awareness - Subliminal movie projection television screen computer monitor |
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Short-term Memory
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Capacity for holding in an, highly available state a small amount of information
- Sensory input - Retrieved long-term memory Working memory Encoding - Acoustic Duration - 20 sec Capacity - 7 (+ or -) 2 Chunking - FBIPHDTWAIBM - FBI PHD TWA IBM |
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Lost of Short-term Memory
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Cerebral aneurysm
- Circle of Willis - Weakness in the artery wall -> - Arterial ballooning -> - Bursting -> stroke - Brain damage Causes - Congenital defects Short-term memory lost - due to destruction of hippocampus |
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Long-term Memory
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**Declaritive Memory**
- aka Explicit Memory - Conscious storage and recall Subdivisions - Semantic - Episodic Brain regions - Temproal lobe - Hippocampus **Procedural memory** - aka Implicit memory - Unconscious storage and recall Motor learning - Physical practice Brain regions - Cerebellum - Basal ganglia |
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Semantic Memory
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Memory of
- Meanings - Understanings - Concept-based knowledge Rehearsal Mnemonics - Keyword - Acronym - Musical - Method of Loci memory palace journey method |
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Episodic memory
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Experience based memory
- Events - Times - Places - Emotions Brain region - Tempral lobe - Hippocampus - Prefrontal cortex Autobiographical - Specific events - General events - Personal facts - Flash Bulb memories |
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Long-term Memory
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Permanent improvement of the ability of two neurons to communicate
Improving synaptic communications Mechanisms - Increase in the level of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic neurons - Quantitative or qualitative changes of receptors in the postsynaptic neurons LTP as the biological mechanism for memory |
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Risk
- Age 65 - 3% - Age 85 - 50% Cause of death 2004 -7th cause Cost $100 billion/yr - 3rd after heart disease and canser Prevalence - In US 5 million 14.3 million in 2050 - Worlwide 24 million 81 million by 2040 |
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Memory in Animals
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Honey Bee
- Increase in neurons 160,000 - Synaptic formation - LTP - Flower-Time memory Animal migration - Monarch butterflies - sockeye salmons - Sea turtles - Whales Artic Tern - Circumpolar migration - Artic -> Antartica - 24,000 miles annually - Same lifetime nesting sites |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Peripheral NS
- Unconscious control - Basic body physiology - Brain stem Parasympathetic - Heart rate down - Modulate breathing - Digestion up - Homeostasis (balance) Sympathetic - Heart rate up - Oxygen uptake - Digestion down - Fight or flight |
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Fight or Flight: Sympathetic Nervous System
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Physical effects
- Pupil dialation - dry mouths - Heart rate up - Palpitation up - Breathing up Physiological Effects - Adrenalin up - Blood pressure up - Blood glucose up - Digestion up - Sexual functions up |
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Repitilian-Complex
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Brain evolution
- R-complex Basic survival Fight or flight Dominance - Limbic system Emotion Memory - Neo-cortex Higher thought processes |
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Brain Regions for Emotion
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R-complex and Limbic system
- Amygdala fear - Nucleus accumbens pleasure - Insula Physiological linked to autonomic NS Neocortex - Prefrontal lobe Regulation and control - Anterior cingulate Conscious awareness |
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Human Emotion
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Responses to significant events
- Food, sex, danger Reaction pattern - Neurological - Behavorial - Physiological Unconscious Valence - Positive - Negative |
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Maslow's Hierachy of Needs
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1.) Physiological
- Food, water, sleep 2.) Safety - Shelter 3.) Love/Belonging - Social relationships 4.) Esteem - Confidence 5.) Self-actualization (only in human) - Problem solving |
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Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)
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1.) Developmental
- Autism 2.) Medical conditions - syphilis 3.) Psychosis - Schizophrenia 4.) Mood related - Clinical depression 5.) Anxiety related - Phobia, OCD, Panic |
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Bipolar Disorder
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aka Manic Depression
Depressive phase - Clinical depression Mania - Mood Elevated, expansive, irritable - Judgement impaired -> delusive - Level of severity Bipolar I Bipolar II -hypomania Cyclothymia |
