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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions or purposes of the skin?
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It's waterproof, stretchable, washcally repairs small cuts, rips and burns. Deviates sweat, oil, hair, and nail galnds.
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What are the three layers of the skin?
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Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis.
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Is the dermis vascularized?
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Yes.
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The subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin is known as the ___________ .
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hypodermis
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What is another name for the hypodermis? Why?
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Superficial fascia because it is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping (fascia) of the skeletal muscles, consists of mainly adipose tissue.
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What is the function of the hypodermis?
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Because of its fatty composition, it acts as a shock absorber and an insulator that prevents heat loss from the body.
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The ________ is a keratinized stratisfied squamous epithelium consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five distinct layers.
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epidermis
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What are the cells of the epidermis?
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keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans' cells
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What is the most epidermal cell? Why?
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Keratinocytes because they produce keratin (fibrous protein) that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.
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__________ spider-shaped epitheal cells that synthesize the pigment melanin.
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Melanocytes
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Are melanin found in the deepest part of the epidermis?
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Yes.
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What is a melanin made out of?
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melanosomes.
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What is the purpose of melanin?
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It is a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight.
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What is the star-shaped cell that arises fro bones marrow and migrate to the epidermis?
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Langerhan's cells or epidermal dendritic cells.
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What are present at the epidermal-dermal junction that is shaped-like a spiky hemisphere?
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Merkel cells.
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What are the five layers of the epidermis?
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Stratum Basal
Stratum Spinosum Stratum Grandulosum Stratum Luidum Stratum Corneum |
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What is the deepest epidermal layer?
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Stratum Basal
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What is the function of the stratum basal?
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It continuously renews cell population representing the youngest keratinocytes.
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What epidermal layer is several cell layers thick with an irregular shape? What is most abundant in this layer?
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Stratum spinosum
melanin granules & Langerhans' cells |
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The thin ________ consists of three to five cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically.
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Stratum granulosum.
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What are the two granules in the stratum granulosum? What's their function?
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keratohylaine: help to form keratin in the upper layers.
lamellated granules: contain a waterproof glycolipid that is spewed into the extracellular space and major factor in slowing water loss across the epidermis. |
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____________ appears as a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum.
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stratum lucidum
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The outter most layer of the epidermis that is 20-30 layers thick that accounts to three-quarters of the epidermal thickness is called _________.
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stratum corneum
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What is the function of the stratum corneum?
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It provides a "overcoat" for the body, protecting deeper cells from the hostile external environment, water loss and rendering the body relactively insensitive.
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What are the two layers of the dermis? What is their function?
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papillary: is areolar connective tissue in which the collagen and elastin fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with blood vessels.
reticular: accounting for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis is dense irregular connective tissue. |
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What causes fingerprints?
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Epidermal ridges increases the friction and enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet. Due to sweat pores open along their crest leaving films of sweat.
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On the palms of hands and soles of feet, these papillae lie atop larger mounds called ________ .
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dermal ridges
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Separations, or less dense regions, between these bundles form ___________ or _______, __________ in the skin.
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cleavage; tension; lines
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When an incision is made _____ to these lines, the skin gapes less and heals more readily than the incision is made _________ cleavage lines.
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parallel; across
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_________ reflects dermal modifications in which folds occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures.
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flexure lines
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Where are flexure lines visible?
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wrists, fingers, soles and toes
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Dermal tearing is indicated by silvery white scars _________.
Another name for stretch marks. |
striae
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Separation of the epidermal and dermal layers by a fluid-filled pocket are called ______.
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blister
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What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?
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melanin, carotene and hemoglobin.
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What is melanin?
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A polymer made of tyrosine amino acids, ranges in color from yellow to reddish-brown to black.
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________ and __________ are local accumulations of melanin.
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freckles; pigmented moles
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When are melanocytes stimulated?
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To greater activity when we expose our skin to sunlight.
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What happens when there is excessive sun exposure?
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It causes clumping of elastin fibers, which results in leathery skin; temporarily depresses the immune system; and can alter the DNA of skin cells and in this way lead to skin cancer.
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What are the consequence of UV rays?
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It destroys that body's folate sotres necessary for DNA synthesis, which can have serious consequences particularily in pregnany women causing a deficit that impairs the development of the embryo's nervous system. Produces photosynthesis that causes heightened sensitivity to UV radiation. Substances including antibiotic, antihistamine drugs.
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How does carotene form?
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It tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis. It's most obvious in the palms and soles.
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What color is the skin when hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated?
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blue
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When is skin often cyanotic?
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during heart failure and respiratory disorders
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The common saying beauty is "skin deep" derives from what layer of the epidermis?
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stratum corneum
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What are the alternations in skin color?
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signal certain disease states and people's emotional states
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What does redness or erythema show on a person?
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embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflamation or allergy
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What does pallor (pale) or blanching skin show on a person?
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fear, anger, emotional stress, anemia or low blood pressure
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What does juandice or yellow cast show on a person?
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liver disorder, yellow bile pigments accumulate in the blood and are deposited in body tissues.
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What does bronzing show on a person?
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Addison's disease, hypofunction of the adrenal cortex.
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What does black and blue marks or buises show on a person?
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blood escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin, hematomas.
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What are some examples of skin appendages?
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nails, sweat glands, sebaccesous (oil) glands, hair follicles and hair.
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What are the two types of sweat glands?
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eccrine and apocrine
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Where are sweat glands?
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Distributed all over the body except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia.
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How many sweat glands does everyone have?
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Approximately 3 million
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Where are eccrine sweat glands located?
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Palms, soles of the feet and forehead.
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What is the pH of sweat?
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between 4 and 6
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Sweat is ____% water with some salts (sodium and chloride), vitamin C, antibodies, a microbe-killing peptide and traces of metabolic watstes (urea, uric acid, and ammonia).
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99
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_________ is a hypotonic filtrate of the blood that passes through the secretory cells of the sweat glands and is released by excytosis.
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Eccrine gland secretion
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What is the purpose of sweating?
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To prevent overheating of the body.
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What parts of the body does sweating begin?
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First on the forehead and then spreads inferiorly over the remainder of the body.
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What is emotionally-induced sweating called?
Where does it begin? |
"cold sweat" brought by fright, embarassment, or neverousness.
It begins in the palms, soles and axialle and then spreads to other parts of the body. |
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How many approcrine glands to humans have?
Where are aprocrine glands found? |
approximately 2000
Axillary and anogential areas. |
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What is the difference between aprocrine and eccrine glands?
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Aprocrine glands are larger than eccrine glands, they empty their ducts in the hair follicle, it has fatty substances and proteins, sercretion is ordorless, when secretion is decomposed by bacteria it contains a musky unplesant odor.
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When do aprocrine glands begin functioning?
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At puberty under the influence of androgens and have little role to play in thermoregulation.
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When aprocrine activity increase?
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during sexual forplay and enlarge and recede with the phases of a woman's menustraion cycle
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What are modified aprocine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal? What's its purpose?
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ceruminous glands.
It deters insects and block entry of foreign material. |
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What is a specialized sweat gland that secretes milk?
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Mammary glands
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What are the three different types of skin cancer?
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basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and melanoma
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What is the least malignant and most common skin cancer? What occurs?
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Basal cell carincoma
The stratum basale cells proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis. It is most often found in the face with dome-shaped nodules that develop an ulcer. It is relatively slow growing. Full cure by surgical excision 99% of cases. |
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What type of skin cancer arises from the keratincytes of the stratum spinosum and appears as a scaly reddened papule?
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Squamous cell carinoma
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Does Squamous cell carinoma grow rapidly?
How is it removed? |
Yes, if not removed it will metastasize.
If caught early it is surgically removed or by radiation therapy. |
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What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer? Why is it dangerous?
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Melanoma
It is dangerous because it is highly metastic and resistant to chemotherapy. |
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Is the chance of survival from melanoma poor when the lesion is over 4 mm thcik?
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Yes
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What are the treatments of melanoma?
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surgical excision and immunotherapy
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What is the ABCD rule for recognizing menaoma?
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A-assymetry: two sides of the mole does not match
B-border irregularity: the borders have indentations C-color: the pigmented spots are several colors D-diameter: the spot is larger than 6mm E-elevation: elevation of skin surface |
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What causes a burn?
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intense heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals.
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What are the immediate life threatening results from serve burns?
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A catastrophic loss if body fluids containing proteins and electrolytes, resulting in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
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How do you compute the percentage of body surface burned in adults?
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Using the rule of nines
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How do you use the rule of nines?
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It divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of total body area.
anterior and posterior head and neck 9% anterior and posterior upper limbs 18% anterior and posterior trunk 36% perineum 1% anterior and posterior lower limbs 36% |
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How do you determine a first-degree burn?
How long does it take for a first-degree burn to heal? |
The epidermis is swollen, localized redness, swelling and pain.
It takes 2-3 days to heal without special attention. |
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How do you determine a second-degree burn?
How long does it take for a second-degree burn to heal? |
injured epidermis and upper region of the dermis, blisters appear.
It takes 3-4 weeks if care is taken to prevent infection and skin regeneration occurs with little ir no scarring. |
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How do you determine a third-degree burn?
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involves the entire thickness of the skin, the burned areas are gray-white, cherry red or blackened, little or no edema, nerve endings destroyed no pain.
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What are first and second-degree burns referred as?
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partial-thickness burns
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When a baby is born, its skin is covered in what? What is it?
When does it disappear? |
vernix caseosa
A white, cheesy-looking substance produced by the sebaceous glands that protects the fetus's skin within the water-filled amnion. The week after birth |
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What are third-degree burns referred as?
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full-thickness burns
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How are burns considered critical?
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over 25% of the body has second-degree burns
over 10% of the body has third-degree burns third-degree burns in the face, hands or feet causing repsiratory passageways to swell up and cause suffocation. |
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How do you determine a third-degree burn?
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involves the entire thickness of the skin, the burned areas are gray-white, cherry red or blackened, little or no edema, nerve endings destroyed no pain.
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What are first and second-degree burns referred as?
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partial-thickness burns
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When a baby is born, its skin is covered in what? What is it?
When does it disappear? |
vernix caseosa
A white, cheesy-looking substance produced by the sebaceous glands that protects the fetus's skin within the water-filled amnion. The week after birth |
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What are third-degree burns referred as?
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full-thickness burns
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How are burns considered critical?
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over 25% of the body has second-degree burns
over 10% of the body has third-degree burns third-degree burns in the face, hands or feet causing repsiratory passageways to swell up and cause suffocation. |
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What is the skeletal cartilage made out of?
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Cartilage tissue (consisting water)
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What is the human skeleton made out of?
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cartilages and fibrous membranes
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Does the cartilage have nerves and blood vessels?
What is the cartilage surrounded by? |
No.
Dense irregular tissue called periochondrium. |
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What are the three types of cartilage?
What's their function? |
hylaine: provide support with flexibilty and reslience
elastic: contain more elastic fibers and are better able to stand up to repeated bending. fibrocartilages: highly compressible and have great tenstile and strength |
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What do skeletal hylaine cartilages include?
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articular cartilages: cover the ends of most movable joints
coastal cartilages: connect the ribs to the sternum respiratory cartilages: reinforce other repsiratory passageways nasal cartilages: support the external nose. |
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Where are elastic cartialges found?
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Only in two locations external ear and epiglottis
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Where are fibrocartilages found?
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knee and inteverbral discs
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Where are hyaline cartilages found?
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skeletal cartilage
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What does the axial skeleton consist of?
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skull, vetebral column and rib cage
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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
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upper and lower limbs and girdles (shoulder and hip bones)
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What is the function of the limb bones?
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It helps us get from place to place (locomotion) and to manipulate our environment
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What is considered a long bone? Give an example.
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longer than they are wide, has a shaft plus two ends, enlongated shape.
All limb bones except the knee cap (patella), wrist and ankles are long bones. |
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What is considered a short bone? Give an example.
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roughly cubed shaped.
wrist and ankle bones. |
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What is considered a seamoid bone? Give an example.
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shaped like a sesame seed, special type of short bone that forms a tendon.
patella |
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What is considered a flat bone? Give an example.
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thin, flattened, a bit curved.
sternum, scapulae, ribs and skulls bones. |
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What is considered an irregular bone? Give an example.
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complicated shapes that fit none of the preceeding classes
vertebrae and hip bones |
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What contributes to the body's shape and form?
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Bones
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What are the functions of bones?
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support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor stage and blood cell formation.
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What are the various types of tissues that the bone contains?
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bone osseous tissue, nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle and epithileal tissue.
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What are the three levels that we consider bone structure?
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gross, microscopic and chemical
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What type of bone is at the external layer of the bone?
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compact bone
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What type of bone is at the internal layer of the bone?
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spongy bone
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Projections that grow outward from the bone surface include what?
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heads, trochanters, spines, and others
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How is there an indication of stresses created by muscles?
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By muscles attached to and pulling on them are modified surfaces where the bone meet and form joints.
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Depressions and openings include what?
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fossae, sinues, formina, grooves (serves to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels)
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What is diaphysis?
What surrounds it? |
A shaft that forms the long axis of the bone.
The medullary cavity or marrow cavity contains fat yellow marrow. |
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What is epiphyses?
What is it covered with? |
the bone ends
It is covered with a thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage which cushions the opposing bone ends during joint movement and absorbs stress. |
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What is between the diaphyses and each epiphyses of an adult bone?
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epiphyseal line
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What is a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone?
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epiphyseal plate
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What does the perisoteum cover?
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The external surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces is covered by a glistening white, doubled-layered membrane.
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