Chapters 4, 5 & 6

Front 1

Robert K. Merton: anomie theory of deviance

Back 1

why people accept or reject the goals of society, the socially approved means of meeting those goals, or both.

1). innovation: the innovator accepts society's goals but pursues with means regarded as improper (drug dealer)

2). ritualism: abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means (dead-end job)

3). retreatism: withdraw from both the goals and the means of society (doctor becomes a cook)

4). rebellion: feels alienated from the dominant means and goals and may seek a dramatically different social order (hippie commune)

Front 2

cultural transmission theory

Back 2

people learn criminal behavior through social interactions (drug use)

Front 3

social disorganization

Back 3

increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions such as family, school, church, and local government (leave home and start drinking)

Front 4

crime

Back 4

a violation of criminal law for which some government authority applies formal penalties

Front 5

victimless crime

Back 5

the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services (sex work)

Front 6

organized crime

Back 6

the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in various illegal activities (mafia)

Front 7

labeling theory

Back 7

attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant while others, whose behavior is similar, are not seen in such harsh terms

Front 8

income vs. wealth

Back 8

salaries and wages vs. property, bonds, assets

Front 9

Karl Marx: class differentiation

Back 9

bourgeoisie (haves): the capitalist class who owns the means of production

proletariat (have nots): the working class

class consciousness: a subjective awareness of common vested interests and a need for collective political action to bring about social change (unions)

false consciousness: an attitude held by members of the class that doesn't accurately reflect its position (individualism)

Front 10

Max Weber: components of stratification

Back 10

1). class: a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income

lifestyles

2). status: people who have similar prestige and lifestyles 3). power: the ability to exercise one's will over another's

3). power: the ability to exercise one's will over another's

Front 11

poverty

Back 11

absolute: a minimal level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below

relative: a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyle, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole

Front 12

racial formation

Back 12

the socio-historical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed

Front 13

racial group

Back 13

people who are set apart from others because of obvious physical differences

Front 14

ethnic group

Back 14

are set apart from others because of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

Front 15

glass ceiling

Back 15

refers to an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity

Front 16

prejudice

Back 16

is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial group

Front 17

discrimination

Back 17

is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to certain groups based on arbitrary points

Front 18

institutional discrimination

Back 18

refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society