Chapters 16-24

Front 1

Cladogram

Back 1

TReelike diagrams that discern evolutionary ties between species.

Front 2

3 Domains

Back 2

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Front 3

Extremophiles

Back 3

Archaea that live in harsh conditions

Front 4

Mesophiles

Back 4

Archaea that exist in soil, sediment and other less extreme environments.

Front 5

Cyanobacteria

Back 5

Blue-green algae that can live as a single cell or colonies.

Front 6

Protists

Back 6

Can be single-celled or multicellular, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Prefer moist areas. Plantlike, animallike or fungilike Eukaryotes

Front 7

Algae

Back 7

Plantlike protists. Photoautotrophs with chlorophyll.

Front 8

Phylum Chlorophyta

Back 8

Also known as green algae. Mostly aquatic, can live in other environments.

Front 9

Spirogyra

Back 9

Chlorophyta also called watersilk. Freshwater. Reproduce through conjugation. Spiral chloroplasts. Pyrenoid in chloroplasts.Filamentous, non motile.

Front 10

Volvox

Back 10

Chlorophyta with up to 50,000 flagellated cells held together by protoplasmates with eyespots in a hollow sphere. Colonial flagellate.

Front 11

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Back 11

Unicellular, consist of diatoms. Bidduplia, Cytotella, Cymbella, Hyalodiscus, Stephanodiscus

Front 12

Diatoms

Back 12

Unicellular Bacillariophyta in both marine and freshwater environments. A test made up of two halves. Silica cast composed of silicon dioxide and an organic matrix. Used in everyday objects.

unicellular/colonial non-motile.

Front 13

Phylum Rhodophyta

Back 13

Red algae.

Front 14

Polysyphonia

Back 14

Mermaid's hair.Filamentous Rhodophyta. "Featherhy" branch structures usually eaten in salads and sushi.filamentous non-motile

Front 15

Phylum Euglenophyta

Back 15

Unicellular flagellated freshwater species. 1/3 have chloroplasts. Mixotrophs. Euglena deses, Phacus spp., Dinobryn divergens.

Front 16

Euglena

Back 16

Unicellular Euglenophyta found in freshwater environments. Two flagella, pellicle, rigid cell wall. unicellular flagellate.

Front 17

Pellicle

Back 17

Helical protein bands that extend along the length of the cell beneath the plasma membrane. Found in euglena.

Front 18

Slime molds

Back 18

Fungus-like protists. Spore producing motile organisms. Amoeboid.

Front 19

Phylum Myxomycota

Back 19

Plasmodial slime molds. Physarum spp. Multinucleate mass in a sheath of slime. Found in woodlands. Bright yellow or orange. Unicellular/multicellular amoeboid

Front 20

Phylum Acrasiomycota

Back 20

Cellular slime molds. Single amoeboid cells that can form a mass called pseudoplasmodium, which produces fruiting bodies. Dictyostelium discoideum.Unicellular/multicellular ameoboid.

Front 21

Phylum Oomycota

Back 21

Water molds. Cotton-like filamentous mass. Cellulose cell wall. Phytophora infestans, Saprolegnia.Filamentous/unicellular flagellate.

Front 22

Amoeba

Back 22

Animal-like protist. Move by pseudopodia. Hyaline cap. Ameoba proteus, Proteus animalcule. Eat through phagocytosis. Unicellular amoeboids.

Front 23

Hyaline cap

Back 23

Clear space at the leading edge of the pseudopod.

Front 24

Phylum Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)

Back 24

Amoeba in marine and freshwater environments. Several parasitic species exist.Amoeba proteus, Entamoeba histolytica.

Front 25

Phylum Foraminifera

Back 25

Amoeba with colorful shells of calcium carbonate. Threadlike branched pseudopods. One third of the sea floor. Globigerina sp. Can form limestone.

Front 26

Phylum Actinopoda

Back 26

Endoskeleton of silicon dioxide. Have radiolarians.

Front 27

Radiolarians

Back 27

Unicellular amoeboid Actinopoda. Stiff pseudopods, geometric endoskeletons, Can be 4000 meters thick on the ocean floor. Lynchnapis miranda, Stylatractus sp.

Front 28

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Back 28

Phyla Phytomastigophora and Zoomastigophora combined into one. flagellated photosynthetic and animallike flagellates.

Front 29

Zoomastigophorans

Back 29

Phylum Sacromastigophora. Free living. reside in freshwater. well known parasites. Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania mexicana.

Front 30

Trypanosoma brucei

Back 30

Zoomastigophoran in Sarcomastigophora. Carried by the tsetse fly. Causes African sleeping sickness.Unicellular flagellate.

Front 31

Trypanosoma cruzi

Back 31

Zoomastigophora in Sarcomastigophora. Unicellular flagellate. Chaga's disease (kissing bug)

Front 32

Leishmania

Back 32

Zoomastigophora in Sarcomastigophora. Donovani causes "Kalazar" in Asia. Mexicana causes ulcers, braziliensis causes facial deformities.

Front 33

Giardia intestinalis

Back 33

In kingdom Diplomonadida. Unicellular flagellate. Responsible for intestinal disease that causes diarrhea.

Front 34

Trichomonas vaginalis

Back 34

STD parasite, in its own kingdom Parabasala

Front 35

Phylum Pyrrophyta

Back 35

Fire algae. Plantlike protist phylum. Dinoflagellates. Gymnodinium, Gonyalaux, Pfiesteria piscicida.

Front 36

Hemoflagellates

Back 36

Live in the blood of their host.

Front 37

Phylum Ciliophora

Back 37

Freshwater marine unicellular ciliates. Outer coverings called pellicles. Animallike protists. Eat using cytosomes and an oral groove. multinucleate, and radiating canals. Ichthyophthirius multifilis.

Front 38

Paramecium caudatum

Back 38

Ciliophora. Freshwater, slipper shaped. Pointed posterior end and blunt anterior end. Trichocysts used to gather food.

Front 39

Stentor Sp.

Back 39

Ciliophora. Can be found attached to substrates in freshwater.

Front 40

Vorticella sp.

Back 40

Ciliophora. Live on the fins of fish.

Front 41

Phylum Apicomplexa

Back 41

Endoparasitic protozoans live on cells of hosts. Lack locotomotive structures. Sexual and asexual life cycle.

Causes malaria.

Front 42

Apicomplexans responsible for malaria

Back 42

Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium falcipaerum (most deadly, killed Alexander.)

Front 43

Toxoplasmsa gondii

Back 43

Apicomplexan that causes toxoplasmosis in humans, which can cause nerve damage

Front 44

Vascular plant

Back 44

Plants that have specialized conducting tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant's body.

Front 45

Nonvascular plants

Back 45

plants that lack specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant's body.

Front 46

Seed plants

Back 46

Largest group of vascular plants that include gymnosperms.

Front 47

Phylum Hepatophyta

Back 47

Nonvascular liverwort plant. Midrib in leaves, symbiotic relationship with fungi that enter the rhizoids of the liverwort. Usually live in moist environments.

Front 48

Thalloid liverwort

Back 48

Hepatophyta. Flat leaflike lobed body called the thalli. Riccia and Marchantia. Sexual and asexual reproduction.

Front 49

Leafy liverwort

Back 49

Hepatophyta. Most liverworts (80%), resemble mosses. Live on trees and subtropics. Frullania, Clasmatocolea, Jungermannia.

Front 50

Archegonial receptacle of liverwort

Back 50

- red: spermatogenous tissue

- as a whole: antheridium

Front 51

liverwort life cycle

Back 51

Front 52

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Back 52

Nonvascular plants, hornworts. Live on moist ground in the shade. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria live in rich mucus.

Front 53

Phylum Bryophyta

Back 53

True, nonvascular mosses. Spirally arranged leaflike structures, lack stomata, surrounded by midrib and anchored by rhizoids. Leafy gametophytes are male.

Front 54

Periostomes

Back 54

Locks operculum to the capsule.Allow spores to be carried by wind in dry conditions.

Front 55

Polytrichum

Back 55

Haircap moss. Common moss found in bogs. Can get up to 10 cm in length.

Front 56

Phylum Lycophyta

Back 56

Seedless vascular plants containing club mosses, quillworts and spike mosses. Dominant sporophyte generation and reduced gametophyte generation. Most ancient group.

Front 57

Quillworts

Back 57

Lycopota. Rare aquatic plants that occupy clear ponds and streams. Isoetes

Front 58

Lycopodium

Back 58

Lycopota, club mosses or ground pines. in forests of temperate regions. Resemble small pine trees.

Front 59

life cycle of moss

Back 59

Front 60

lycopodium drawing

Back 60

Front 61

selaginella

Back 61

spike mosses that are seedless vascular mosses. scalelike leaves on branching stems

Front 62

life cycle of fern

Back 62

Front 63

Phylum Psilotophyta

Back 63

Seedless vascular plant with whisk ferns. Psilotum (US)and Tmespteris(NZ) are the only ones that survive today. Green stems, bright yellow synagia on lateral branches

Front 64

Phylum SPHENOPHYTA

Back 64

Seedless vascular plants that are known as horsetails, or Equisetum. Strobilus top with sporgangiphores, node and ribbed stem. scalelike microphyll leaves.

Front 65

Phylum Pterophyta

Back 65

Ferns that are the most abundant in seedless vascular plants. Cherished for ornamental value. Has sori under leaves, protected by clear cap called idusium. Annulus catapults mature spores.

Front 66

Spermatocytes

Back 66

Seed plants. Oldest fossil is seed fern. Life cycle dominated by the sporophyte generation.

Front 67

Gymnosperms

Back 67

Seed plant whose seed is not enclosed in an ovum, and mature on the surface of a cone scale. Lack flowers and fruits.

Front 68

Phylum Cycandophyta

Back 68

gymnosperm often mistaken as ferns or palms. Slow growing plants. Tropical and subtropic forests. Zamia pumila, cycas revoluta ( dont eat)

Front 69

Cycad

Back 69

Cycandophyta that have seperate sexes, produce male pollen cones and seed cones.

Front 70

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Back 70

Gymnosperm that dilates blood vessels and improve memory. Ginkos are last remaining relative. Living fossil. Also have seperate sexes. Males produce pollen in strobili

Front 71

Phylum Coniferophyta

Back 71

Gymnosperms consisting of pines, cypresses, spruces, redwoods, cedars, hemlocks, junipers, and yews. Has the oldest (methusela) and tallest (Sequoia sempervirens) trees in the world. Source of lumber.

Front 72

life cycle of a pine

Back 72

Front 73

Angiosperms

Back 73

Flower and fruit bearing plans. 80% of all plants. Phylum Magnoliophyta. Divided between monocots and dicots.

Front 74

Monocots

Back 74

One cotyldons (seed leaf), One pollen pore, flower parts in multiples of 3, parallel venation, scattered bundle arrangements, fibrous roots, exterior ring xylem arrangement around pith, interior ring phloem, long narrow leaf

Front 75

Dicots

Back 75

Two cotyldons (seed leaf), 3 pollen pores (except basal dicots), broad leaf, 4-5 flower arrangements, netted venation, ring vascular arrangement, taproot type, star shaped xylem and phloem between radiating arms.

Front 76

Herbaceous plants

Back 76

Do not contain woody tissue

Front 77

Deciduous plants

Back 77

Contain woody tissue

Front 78

Epiphyte

Back 78

Live attached to another plant or surface

Front 79

Hemiparasite

Back 79

Both photosynthesize and parasitize the host.

Front 80

vegetative organs

Back 80

Stems, roots and seeds

Front 81

Shoot system

Back 81

Stems, leaves, and reproductive structures.

Front 82

Root functions

Back 82

Anchor and support the plant, absorb water and store necessary minerals, produce growth stimulating hormones

Front 83

Testa

Back 83

Seed coat protects seeds from dying out and extreme temperatures .

Front 84

Xylem

Back 84

Conducts water and minerals in vascular plants

Front 85

Juicy vesicles

Back 85

Provide the treasured juice in a citrus fruit.

Front 86

Simple fruit

Back 86

Derivative of a single ovary. Grapes, beans and hickory

Front 87

Fleshy fruits

Back 87

Apples, oranges and watermelons and have flesh. type of simple fruit

Front 88

Dry fruits

Back 88

Corn kernel, maple, Type of simple fruit

Front 89

Compound fruits

Back 89

Strawberries, blackberies, and figs. Develop from several ovaries.

Front 90

Aggregate compound fruits

Back 90

Single flower with many pistils, can be achene or drupe.

Front 91

Exocarp

Back 91

Forms the skin, or peel, of a fruit. Flavedo in citrus fruit.

Front 92

Mesocarp

Back 92

Fleshy portion of fruit between endocarp and exocarp. Whitish region beneath exocarp in citrus. (albedo)

Front 93

Endocarp

Back 93

Directly surrounding the seed, inside the pericap.

Front 94

Radicle

Back 94

Rootlike structure that emerges as seeds germinate

Front 95

3 types of tissues in structures

Back 95

Meristematic, dermal, and vascular (xylem and phloem)

Front 96

Back 96

A. zone of maturation - Cells become mature.

B. Zone of elongation - Where cells grow longer

c. Zone of cell division - Meristrem, where cells divide rapidly.

d. root cap - protects the growing root.

Front 97

Root nodules of legume

Back 97

Contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen to a form plants can use.

Front 98

Cross section of a dicot root

Back 98

Front 99

Cross section of a monocot root

Back 99

Front 100

Cortex

Back 100

Used for cell storage

Front 101

Endodermis

Back 101

Between cortex and vascular system of xylem and phloem

Front 102

Pith

Back 102

Region inside the circle of xylem and phloem

Front 103

Haustoria

Back 103

Parasitic root that steal other plant's nourishment; dodder

Front 104

Prop roots

Back 104

Come from the lower stem and brace and anchor the plant against the wind; corn

Front 105

Knees

Back 105

Come up from below water and help to support the plant; cypress

Front 106

Food storage root

Back 106

Expands food storage capability; carrot

Front 107

Functions of stems

Back 107

Protect and support flowers and leaves, provides for the plant's growth, carry water and minerals up the leaves for photosynthesis, carry food to be stored and used down to the plant.

Front 108

Cross section of a woody stem

Back 108

Front 109

What does cork cambium produce

Back 109

Cork cells that make up the bark (cork, cork cambium and phloem)

Front 110

What does the vascular cambium produce

Back 110

Secondary xylem and phloem

Front 111

Tendrils

Back 111

Common in climbing plants; grapes

Front 112

Runners

Back 112

Horizontal stems that grow underground; strawberries

Front 113

Bulbs

Back 113

Small underground stems with enlarged bulbs; onion

Front 114

Tuber

Back 114

Swollen extension of roots underground modified to store carbohydrates; potatoes