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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What Prenatal factors influence later psychological well-being of children? (6) |
1. German Measles 2. X-rays or other radiation 3. Sexually transmitted diseases 4. Cigarette smoking 5. Maternal Stress 6. Drugs |
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What is attachment? |
Children have a secure base (mother) from which they can explore the environment and a haven of safety to return to when they are afraid |
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How do attachment styles develop? How are they measured? |
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How does attachment shape relationship experience in adults? |
Adults seek the same comfort and trust in a partner as they would their mother |
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in what respect might language development have an inborn element? |
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What are key milestones in language development? |
At the end of their first year, babies develop a repertoire of symbolic gestures |
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What are Paiget's stages of cognitive development? |
Birth to age 2: infants learn from concrete actions: looking, touching, putting things in mouth, etc. (SENSORIMOTER stage) object prominence is major accomplishment at this age Age 2-7: PREOPERATIONAL stage - child's use of symbols and language accelerates, believe they cannot perceive the world from someone else perspective Age 7-12: CONCRETE OPERATIONS stage - make fewer logical errors and become increasing able to take other people's perspectives |
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What does recent research on Piaget's stages of cognitive development teach us? |
Changes are not so clear cut as Piaget suggests Development is more continuous and overlapping Children and infants reveal cognitive abilities much earlier than suggests Cognitive development is influenced by a child's culture |
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What are the key influences on gender development? (3) |
1. Biological 2. Cognitive 3. Learning |
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Describe the biological influence on gender development |
Preschooler boys and girls congregate primarily with children of the same sex as themselves Boys most likely to play physically Play and toy preferences have a basis in prenatal development |
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Describe the cognitive influence on gender development |
Gender schema - mental network of beliefs and expectations about what is means to be male and female and what each sex is supposed to wear, do, feel, and think. Cultures and religions differ in their schemas for their roles of men and women |
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Describe the learning influence on gender development |
Parents, teachers, and other adults convey their expectations about gender even if they are unaware they do so |
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What are Erikson's stages of psychological development? |
All individuals go through 8 stages of their life: 1. Trust vs. mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. Initiative vs. guilt 4. Competence vs. inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Ego integrity vs. Despair |
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Describe the first stage of Erikson's stage of psychological development (trust vs. Mistrust) |
Challenges that occurs during the baby's first year when the baby depends on others for food, comfort, cuddling, and warmth |
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Describe the second stage of Erikson's stages of psychological development (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) |
Occurs when a child is a toddler Child is learning to be independent and must go do so without feeling ashamed and uncertain about his/her actions |
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Describe the third stage of Erikson's stages of development of psychological development (Initiative vs. Guilt) |
Preschoolers develop Child acquires new physical and mental skills, setting goals, and enjoying newfound talents |
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Describe the fourth stage of Erikson's stages of development of psychological development (competence vs. inferiority) |
Learn to make things, use tools, acquire skills about life |
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Describe the fifth stage of Erikson's stages of development of psychological development (identity vs. Role confusion) |
When teenagers must decide who they are, what they are going to do, and what they hope to make of their lives |
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Describe the sixth stage of Erikson's stages of development of psychological development (intimacy vs. isolation) |
Challenge of young adulthood You must share yourself with someone and learn how to make commitments |
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Describe the seventh stage of Erikson's stages of development of psychological development (generativty vs. stagnation) |
Challenge of the middle years Now you know who you are and have an intimate relationship, will you sink into selflessness or generativity |
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Describe the eighth stage of Erikson's stages of development of psychological development (ego integrity vs. despair) |
As they age, people strive to reach, the ultimate goals of wisdom, spiritually tranquility, and acceptance of their lives |
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What is fluid and crystallized intelligence?
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Fluid intelligence: Capacity to reason and use information to solve problems; relatively independent of education Crystallized intelligence: consists of knowledge and skills built up over a lifetime; heavily dependent on education and remains stable over time |
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What do the Id, Ego, and superego have to do with personality? |
The id: is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure The ego: is a referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society The superego: is the voice of conscience, representing morality and parental authority |
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What are the key defense mechanisms? Describe them (5) |
1. Repression- occurs when a repressed memory or emotion is blocked from the conscious 2. Projection - occurs when a person's own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else
3. Displacement - occurs when people direct their emotion toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings 4. Regression - occurs when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development
5. Denial - occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening |
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What is JUNGIAN theory? Who created it?
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Carl Jung All human beings share a vast collective unconscious- containing universal memories, symbols, images, and themes which Jung called archetypes |
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What are archetypes? |
Universal symbolic images that appear in art, myths, stories, and dreams |
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What is the OBJECT RELATIONS SCHOOL? who developed it?
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Melanie Klien D.W Winnicott Central problem in life is to find a balance between the need for independence and the need for others In ORS view, children of both sexes identify first with their mother - girls are an extension of their mother, boys have to separate themselves |
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What are the big five personality traits? |
1. Introversion vs. extroversion 2. Neuroticism vs. emotional stability 3. Agreeableness vs. antagonism 4. Conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness 5. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience |
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How do psychologists determine the extent to which genetics shapes personality? what characteristics are linked to genetics? |
In human beings, individual differences in temperaments such as reactivity, soothability, and positive/negative emotionally appear to be in inborn |
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What is reciprocal determinism? |
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How does Culture shape personality? |
Individualistic cultures - cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations to others Collectivist cultures - the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with ones group is prized above individual goals and wishes |
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How do peers shape personality? |
Ones major environmental influence on personality comes from a person's peer group which is more powerful than parent influence |
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Who are the three major theorists involved in humanistic approaches? |
1. Abraham MASLOW 2. Carl ROGERS 3. Rollo MAY |
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What is Maslow's theory in relation to the humanistic approach to personality? |
Thought most important personality qualities of the self-actualized person Personality development is seen as a gradual progression toward self-actualization |
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What is Rogers theory in relation to the humanistic approach to personality? |
Interested in why some people cannot function but also what he called the "fully functioning person" To become "fully functioning" we all need unconditional positive regard, love and support the people we are, without strings attached |
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What is May's theory in relation to the humanistic approach to personality? |
A belief of free will Philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence |
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What Criteria do Psychologists use when deciding whether to diagnose a psychological disorder? |
The standard reference manual used is the: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) |
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What are the benefits and risks of diagnosis of psychological disorders? |
Problems: 1. Danger of over diagnosis 2. Power of diagnostic labels 3. Confusion of serious mental disorders w/ normal problems 4. The illusion of objectivity and universality Benefits: When used correctly, when empirically validated objective tests are used, reliability in diagnosis improves |
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What are Rosenhan's classic research on labelling show? |
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What common beliefs about mental illness are myths? |
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What are the key characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes of: Anxiety disorders
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Anxiety, a general state or apprehension or psychological tension |
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What are the key characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes of: Mood disorder |
Emphasize how individuals vulnerabilities interact with external stress or circumstances to produce mental disorder |
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What are the key characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes of: Personality disorders |
Involve unchanging, maladaptive traits that cause great distress or an inability to get along with others Impairs in personality functioning and presence of pathological personality traits |
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What are the key characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes of: Drug abuse and addiction |
Signs of substance abuse include impaired ability to work or get along with others, use of the drug in hazardous situations, recurrent arrests for drug use, and conflicts with others caused by drug use Some people have biological vulnerability to alcoholism and other addictions due to genetic factors |
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What are the key characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes of: Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder) |
Dissociative disorder - a controversial disorder marked as the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name & traits, formally known as MPD |
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What are the key characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes of: Schizophrenia |
Symptoms include: bizarre delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized and incoherent speech, Grossly inappropriate behaviour, impaired cognitive ability Origins: |
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What are some recent discoveries about environmental influences on anxiety and mood disorders? |
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How do psychological integration and physiological dislocation relate to substance use problems? |
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What are the primary classes of drugs? (4) |
1. Stimulants 2. Depressants 3. Opiates 4. Psychedelic drugs |
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Describe what stimulants are and what they do to the body |
Stimulants speed up activity in the central nervous system |
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Describe what Depressants do to the body |
Depressants are drugs that slow activity in the central nervous system |
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Describe what Opiates do to the body |
Opiates are derived from the opium poppy that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria |
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Describe what psychedelic drugs do |
Consciousness altering drugs that produce that produce hallucinations, change thought processes, or disrupt, or disrupt the normal perception of time and space |
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What are the major schools of psychotherapy? (2) |
1. Psychodynamic Therapy 2. Behaviour and Cognitive therapy
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What does the psychodynamic therapy emphasize? |
Method was originally formulated by Freud that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts |
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What are the 4 behavioural techniques of behavioural therapy? |
1. Exposure 2. Systematic Desensitization 3. Behavioural self-monitoring 4. Skills training |
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What is cognitive therapy? |
Therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and, hence, to reduce negative emotions |
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