Chapters 10, 12, 13 Sociology: Richard T. Schaefer: Sociology, A Brief Introduction

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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

Back 1

Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities (241)

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AMALGAMATION

Back 2

The process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group (243)

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ANTI-SEMITISM

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Anti-Jewish prejudice
(254)

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APARTHEID

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A former policy of the South african government, designed to maintain the separation of blacks and other non-whites from the dominant whites. (245)

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ASSIMILATION

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The process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. (244)

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BLACK POWER

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A political philosophy, promoted by many younger black in the 1960s, that supported the creation of black-controlled political and economic institutions. (248)

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CONTACT HYPOTHESIS

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An interactionist perspective which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice. (243)

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DISCRIMINATION

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The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons. (238)

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ETHNIC GROUP

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A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or because of distinctive cultural patterns. (234)

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ETHNOCENTRISM

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The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. (237)

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EXPLOITATION THEORY

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A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. (242)

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GENOCIDE

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The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. (243)

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GLASS CEILING

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An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity. (239)

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HATE CRIME

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A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, nation origin, or sexual orientation. (237)

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INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION

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The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. (240)

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MINORITY GROUP

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A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs. (234)

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MODEL or IDEAL MINORITY

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A minority group that despite past prejudice and discrimination, succeeds economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to confrontation with the whites. (249)

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PLURALISM

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Mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice. (245)

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PREJUDICE

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A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. (237)

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RACIAL GROUP

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A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on a social significance. (234)

Front 21

RACIAL PROFILING

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Any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior. (255)

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RACISM

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The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior. (237)

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SEGREGATION

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The physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed upon a minority group by a dominant group. (244)

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STEREOTYPE

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An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group. (236)

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SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY

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An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage. (255)

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ADOPTION

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In a legal sense, a process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents.

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BILATERAL DESCENT

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A kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important.

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COHABITATION

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The practice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying.

Front 29

DOMESTIC PARTNERSHIP

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Two unrelated adults who share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities.

Front 30

EGALITARIAN FAMILY

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An authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals.

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ENDOGAMY

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The restriction of mate selection within the same group.

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EXOGAMY

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The requirement that people select a mate outside certain groups.

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EXTENDED FAMILY

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A family in which relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles, live in the same home as parents and their children.

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FAMILISM

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Pride in the extended family, expressed through maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family.

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FAMILY

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A set of people related by blood, marriage, or some other agreed upon relationship, or adoption, who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society.

Front 36

HOMOGAMY

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The conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own.

Front 37

INCEST TABOO

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The prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specific relatives.

Front 38

KINSHIP

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The state of being related to others.

Front 39

MACHISMO

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A sense of virility, personal worth and pride in one's maleness

Front 40

MATRIARCHY

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A society in which women dominate in a family's decision making.

Front 41

MATRILINEAL DESCENT

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A kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant.

Front 42

MONOGAMY

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A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married to only each other.

Front 43

NUCLEAR FAMILY

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A married couple and their unmarried children living together.

Front 44

PATRIARCHY

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A society in which men dominate in family decision making.

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PATRILINEAL DESCENT

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A kinship system in which only the father's relatives are significant.

Front 46

POLYANDRY

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A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more then one husband at the same time.

Front 47

POLYGAMY

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A form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously.

Front 48

POLYGYNY

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A form of polygyny in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time.

Front 49

SERIAL MONOGAMY

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A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.

Front 50

SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY

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A family in which only one parent is present to care for the children.

Front 51

CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE

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The tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to prepare students for types of jobs typically held by members of their class.

Front 52

CREATIONISM

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A literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the creation of humanity and the universe, used to argue that evolution should not be stated as a scientific fact.

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CREDENTIALISM

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An increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field.

Front 54

CULTURAL UNIVERSAL

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A common practice or belief found in every culture.

Front 55

DENOMINATION

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A large organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government.

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ECCLESIA

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A religious organization that claims to include most or all members of society and is organized as a national or official religion.

Front 57

EDUCATION

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A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role as learner.

Front 58

ESTABLISHED SECT

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A religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society.

Front 59

FUNDAMENTALISM

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Rigid adherence to fundamental religious doctrines, often accompanied by a literal application of scripture or historical beliefs in today's world.

Front 60

HIDDEN CURRICULUM

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Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools.

Front 61

INTELLIGENT DESIGN (ID)

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The idea that life is so complex that it could have only been created by intelligent design.

Front 62

LIBERATION THEOLOGY

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Use of a church, primarily Roman Catholicism, in a political effort to eliminate, poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society.

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NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT (NRM) or CULT

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A small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of existing faith.

Front 64

PROFANE

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The ordinary and commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred.

Front 65

PROTESTANT ETHIC

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Max Weber's term for the discipline work ethnic, thisworldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers.

Front 66

RELIGION

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A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things.

Front 67

RELIGIOUS BELIEF

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A statement to which members of a particular religious adhere.

Front 68

RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE

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The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotions

Front 69

RELIGIOUS RITUAL

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A practice required or expected of members of a faith.

Front 70

SACRED

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Elements beyond everyday life that inspire, awe, respect, and even fear.

Front 71

SECT

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A relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organizations to renew what it considers the original vision of the faith.

Front 72

SECULARIZATION

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The process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes.

Front 73

TEACHER-EXPECTANCY EFFECT

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The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the actual student's achievements.

Front 74

TRACKING

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The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria.

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PROPOSITION 102
MARRIAGE

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YES

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PROPOSTION 200
PAYDAY LOANS

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NO

Front 77

PROPOSITION 202
STOP ILLEGAL HIRING

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NO

Front 78

PROP 100
PROTECT OUR HOMES

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YES

Front 79

PROPOSITION 101
MEDICAL CHOICE

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NO

Front 80

PROP 105
MAJORITY RULES

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NO

Front 81

PROP 201
HOMEOWNERS' BILL OF RIGHTS

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NO

Front 82

PROP 300
STATE LEGISLATOR'S SALARIES

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NO