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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biology |
The Study of living things |
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Properties of Life |
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Scientific Method |
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Theory |
Hypothesis or set of hypotheses, supported by a great deal of evidence, but may be revised as new evidence becomes available
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Law |
Theory supported by so much evidence it is almost irrefutable |
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Evolution |
A gradual change in a species over time |
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Natural Selection |
Nature selects for survival those organisms that are most suited for their environment (Natural Selection is a mechanism for Evolution)
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Classification Scheme For Living Things (Taxonomy) |
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Prokaryotic (simple cells)
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Eukaryotic (complex cells) |
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Matter |
Anything that has mass & occupies space |
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Mass |
The amount of matter something contains |
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Element |
a pure substance that can not be broken down by ordinary chemical means |
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Molecule |
2 or more atoms joined by a chemical bond |
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Compound |
Substance whose molecules contain atoms of more than one element |
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Atom |
smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that element |
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Atomic Number |
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Defines the element. |
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Mass Number |
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus |
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Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons |
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Radioactive Isotopes |
isotope with an unstable nucleus, the nucleus decays at a characteristic rate |
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Half-Life (T1/2) |
The time it takes for 50% of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay |
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Chemical Properties of an atom depend only on its outer (valence) electrons |
this is why different isotopes of the same element act the same - they only differ in their nuclei |
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Chemical Bond |
Union between the electron structures of atoms |
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Electrons orbit at different energy levels |
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What are the 3 Chemical Bonds? |
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Ionic Bond |
Formed when 2 atoms of opposite charges attract |
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Covalent Bond |
Formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
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Hydrogen Bond |
The weak attraction between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another.
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Electronegativity |
attraction of an atom for the shared electrons of a covalent bond |
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Water |
A polar compound |
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Ions and polar compounds are? |
Hyrophilic |
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Non-Polar compounds are? |
Hydrophobic |
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Hydrogen bonds are responsible for all the biologically important properties of water. |
dont forget it |
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Water clings to.... |
Other polar molecules |
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Cohesion |
Water molecules form H bonds with other water molecules |
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Adhesion |
Water molecules form H bonds with other polar molecules |
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Water stores heat and... |
Modifies temperature |
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Water is a good solvent for... |
For hydrophilic (polar and charged) substances |
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Water organizes... |
Hydrophobic (non-polar) molecules |
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Water ionizes |
basis for the pH scale. Neutral pH = 7.0 |
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Acid |
any substance that add hydrogen ions to solution (pH less than 7.0) |
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Base |
any substance that increases the hydroxide ions in solution (pH greater than 7.0) |
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pH |
measures the concentration of free hydrogen ions in solution |
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Carbon has _____ valance electrons |
4 |
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Carbon can form ____ covalent bonds |
4 |
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What does carbon form? |
the skeletons of all biological life |
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Functional Groups |
specific groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton that are most often involved in chemical reactions. |
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hydroxyl |
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carbonyl |
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carboxyl |
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amino |
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Sulfhydryl |
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Phosphate |
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Methyl |
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What are the 4 classes of biological molecules? |
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Polymer |
large molecule made of many identical or similar subunits |
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Monomer |
subunit |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
synthesis of a polymer from monomers, loss of one water molecule per each bond formed |
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Hydrolysis |
process of breaking down a polymer, one molecule of water added per bond broken |
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Proteins |
polymers of amino acids, several levels of structure |
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Primary Structure |
the linear sequence of amino acids linked by covalent peptide bonds (polypeptide chain) |
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Secondary Structure |
localized regions of coiling or pleating; caused by H bonds |
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Teriary Structure |
further folding of polypeptide subunits in proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain |
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Quaternary Structure |
association of polypeptide subunits in proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain. |
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Nucleic Acids |
DNA & RNA, and their building blocks (necleotides) |
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Lipids |
many types, all hydrophobic (non-polar) to some degree |
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Phospholipids |
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids + phosphate group. main component of cell membranes |
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Triglyerides |
glycerol + 3 fatty acids, most abundant type of biological lipid (oils & fats) |
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Terpens |
part of many biological pigments |
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Steroids |
4 fused C-rings (ex. cholesterol, sex hormones, etc.) |
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waxes |
the most hydrophobic lipid |
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prostaglandins |
chemical messengers |
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Carbohydrates |
simple sugars & their polymers |
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Monosaccharides |
simple sugars, usually 5-6 carbons (ex. glucose) |
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Disaccharides |
shortest polymers, 2 covalently bound monosaccharides |
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Polysaccharides |
large polymers : starch(glucose storage in plants), glycongen ( glucose storage in animals), cellulose (plant cell wall), chitin (fungal cell walls, arthropod exoskeletons) |
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What are the 6 lipids |
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What are the the 3 Carbohydrates? |
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