Chapter Two

Front 1

to Carl Rogers, love of support given to another person, with no conditions attached.

Back 1

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

Front 2

an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.

Back 2

BEHAVIORISM

Front 3

in psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the sexual or life instincts of the id.

Back 3

LIBIDO

Front 4

theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual.

Back 4

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

Front 5

a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother.

Back 5

OBJECT-RELATIONS SCHOOL

Front 6

twins that develop when a fertilized egg divides into two parts that develop into seperate embryos.

Back 6

INDENTICAL (MONOZYGOTIC) TWINS

Front 7

universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious.

Back 7

ARCHETYPES

Front 8

cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others.

Back 8

INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES

Front 9

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards.

Back 9

SUPEREGO

Front 10

cultures in which time is organized horizontally; people tend to do several things at once and value relationships over schedules.

Back 10

POLYCHRONIC CULTURES

Front 11

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychological energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts.

Back 11

ID

Front 12

twins that develop from two seperate eggs fertilized by different sperm; they are no more alike genetically than any other pair of siblings.

Back 12

FRATERNAL (DIZYGOTIC) TWINS

Front 13

in jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images (archtypes) that occur across all cultures.

Back 13

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Front 14

a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual.

Back 14

PERSONALITY

Front 15

a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behavior.

Back 15

HUMANIST PSYCHOLOGY

Front 16

a theory that emphasizes how behavior is learned and maintained through the interaction between individuals and their environments, an interaction strongly influenced by such cognitive processes as observations, expectations, perceptions, and motivating beliefs.

Back 16

SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY

Front 17

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control.

Back 17

EGO

Front 18

a general expectation about whether the results of your own actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).

Back 18

LOCUS OF CONTROL

Front 19

methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.

Back 19

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Front 20

pysiological dispostions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are assumed to be innate.

Back 20

TEMPERAMENTS

Front 21

in psychoanalysis, a conflict in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival; this is the key issue in the phallic stage of development.

Back 21

OEDIPUS COMPLEX

Front 22

a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community of society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community.

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CULTURE

Front 23

a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Back 23

TRAIT

Front 24

an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of behavior and personality.

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BEHAVIORAL GENETICS

Front 25

the functional units of heredity; they are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins.

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GENES

Front 26

a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some triat that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

Back 26

HERITABILITY

Front 27

a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among different measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability. (factor)

Back 27

FACTOR ANALYSIS

Front 28

cultures in which time is organized sequentially; schedules and deadlines are valued over people.

Back 28

MONOCHRONIC CULTURES

Front 29

within the mind (psyche) or self.

Back 29

INTRAPSYCHIC

Front 30

the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Back 30

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Front 31

cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes.

Back 31

COLLECTIVIST CULTURES

Front 32

a stimulus or event that strengthens or increases the probability of the response it follows.

Back 32

REINFORCER

Front 33

a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

Back 33

PSYCHOANALYSIS