Chapter 14: The Special Senses (Eye)

Front 1

ambiopia

Back 1

double vision caused by each eye focusing separately; also known as diplopia

Front 2

amblyopia

Back 2

reduced vision that is not correctable with lenses and with no obvious pathological or structural cause ("dullness or dimness of vision")

Front 3

ametropia

Back 3

A condition in which there is an error of refraction, causing the eye not to focus parallel rays of light on the retina. The word "ametropia" can be used interchangeably with "refractive error."

Front 4

anisocoria

Back 4

inequality in the diameter of the pupils of the eyes

Front 5

aphakia

Back 5

absence of the lens of the eye

Front 6

aqueous

Back 6

watery

Front 7

Argyll-Robertson pupil

Back 7

a pupil that constricts upon accommodation but not in response to light. This can be due to miosis or advanced neurosyphilis.

Front 8

biomicroscopy

Back 8

ophthalmic examination of the eye by use of a slit lamp and a magnifying lens; aka slit-lamp exam

Front 9

blepharochalasis

Back 9

relaxation of the skin of the eyelid (usually the upper eyelid). the skin may droop over the edge of the eyelid when the eyes are open; aka dermatochalasis

Front 10

blepharoptosis

Back 10

drooping of the upper eyelid

Front 11

blepharospasm

Back 11

a twitching of the eyelid muscles; may be due to eyestrain or nervous irritability

Front 12

conjunctivitis

Back 12

inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye; may be caused by a bacterial infection, a viral infection, allergy, or a response to the environment

Front 13

corneal

Back 13

pertaining to the cornea

Front 14

cycloplegia

Back 14

paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye

Front 15

dacryoadenitis

Back 15

inflammation of the lacrimal (tear) gland

Front 16

dacryorrhea

Back 16

excessive flow of tears

Front 17

diplopia

Back 17

double vision caused by each eye focusing separately; ambiopia

Front 18

ectropion

Back 18

eversion (turning outward) of the edge of the eyelid

Front 19

emmetropia

Back 19

a state of normal vision. the eye is at rest and the image is focused

Front 20

entropion

Back 20

inversion (turning inward) of the edge of the eyelid

Front 21

episcleritis

Back 21

inflammation of the outermost layers of the sclera

Front 22

esotropia

Back 22

an obvious inward turning of one eye in relation to the other eye; also called crosseyes

Front 23

exotropia

Back 23

an obvious outward turning of one eye in relation to the other eye; aka walleye

Front 24

extraocular

Back 24

pertaining to outside the eye

Front 25

floaters

Back 25

one or more spots that appear to drift, or "float," across the visual field

Front 26

funduscopy

Back 26

The examination of the fundus of the eye, the base or the deepest part of the eye, with an instrument called an opthalmoscope through a procedure called ophthalmoscopy.

Front 27

hemianopsia

Back 27

loss of vision, or blindness, in one-half of the visual field; aka hemianopia

Front 28

iridocyclitis

Back 28

inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye

Front 29

iritis

Back 29

inflammation of the iris

Front 30

keratoconjunctivitis

Back 30

inflammation of the cornea and and the conjunctiva of the eye

Front 31

keratoconus

Back 31

a cone-shaped protrusion (bulging) of the center of the cornea, not accompanied by inflammation, usually associated with thinning of the cornea. the bulging results in distorted vision.

Front 32

keratomycosis

Back 32

a fungal growth present on the cornea

Front 33

lacrimal

Back 33

pertaining to tears

Front 34

lacrimation

Back 34

the secretion of tears from the lacrimal glands

Front 35

miosis

Back 35

abnormal constriction of the pupil of the eye

Front 36

miotic

Back 36

an agent that causes the pupil of the eye to constrict

Front 37

mydriasis

Back 37

abnormal dilation of the pupil of the eye

Front 38

mydriatic

Back 38

an agent that causes the pupil of the eye to dilate

Front 39

nasolacrimal

Back 39

pertaining to the nose and the lacrimal ducts

Front 40

nystagmus

Back 40

involuntary, rhythmic jerking movements of the eye. These "quivering" movements may be from side to side, up and down, or a combination of both

Front 41

ophthalmologist

Back 41

an M.D. who specializes in the comprehensive care of the eyes and visual system in the prevention of treatment of eye disease and injury. The ophthalmologist is the medically trained specialist who can deliver total eye care and diagnose general diseases of the body affecting the eye

Front 42

ophthalmology

Back 42

the branch of medicine that specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders of the eye

Front 43

ophthalmopathy

Back 43

any disease of the eye

Front 44

optic

Back 44

pertaining to the eyes or to sight

Front 45

optician

Back 45

a health professional (not an M.D.) who specializes in filling prescriptions for corrective lenses for glasses or for contact lenses

Front 46

optometrist

Back 46

The optometrist, or doctor of optometry (O.D.) is responsible for examination of the eye, and associated structures - to determine vision problems. He or she can also prescribe lenses or optical aids.

Front 47

palpebral

Back 47

pertaining to the eyelid

Front 48

papilledema

Back 48

swelling of the optic disc, visible upon opthalmoscopic examination of the interior of the eye

Front 49

photophobia

Back 49

abnormal sensitivity to light, especially by the eyes

Front 50

presbyopia

Back 50

loss of accommodation for near vision; poor near-vision due to the natural aging process

Front 51

pupillary

Back 51

pertaining to the pupil of the eye

Front 52

retinopathy

Back 52

any disease of the retina

Front 53

sclerectomy

Back 53

excision, or removal, of a portion of the sclera of the eye

Front 54

scotoma

Back 54

an area of depressed vision (blindness) within the usual visual field surrounded by an area of normal vision; an abnormal "blind spot"

Front 55

uveitis

Back 55

inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

Front 56

vitreous

Back 56

pertaining to the vitreous body of the eye

Front 57

ambi-

Back 57

both, both sides

Front 58

ambly/o

Back 58

dull

Front 59

aque/o

Back 59

watery

Front 60

blephar/o

Back 60

eyelid

Front 61

conjunctiv/o

Back 61

conjunctiva

Front 62

cor/o

Back 62

pupil

Front 63

corne/o

Back 63

cornea

Front 64

dacry/o

Back 64

tears

Front 65

dacryocyst/o

Back 65

tear sac

Front 66

dipl/o

Back 66

double

Front 67

eso-

Back 67

within

Front 68

exo-

Back 68

outward

Front 69

extra-

Back 69

outside, beyond

Front 70

glauc/o

Back 70

gray, silver

Front 71

ir/o , irid/o

Back 71

iris

Front 72

lacrim/o

Back 72

tears

Front 73

mi/o

Back 73

smaller

Front 74

nas/o

Back 74

nose

Front 75

nyct/o , nyctal/o

Back 75

night

Front 76

ocul/o , ophthalm/o

Back 76

eye

Front 77

-opia , -opsia

Back 77

visual condition

Front 78

opt/o , optic/o

Back 78

eye, vision

Front 79

palpebr/o

Back 79

eyelid

Front 80

-ptosis

Back 80

drooping or prolapse

Front 81

pupill/o

Back 81

pupil

Front 82

retin/o

Back 82

retina

Front 83

scot/o

Back 83

darkness

Front 84

ton/o

Back 84

tension

Front 85

-tropia

Back 85

to turn

Front 86

vitre/o

Back 86

glassy

Front 87

xer/o

Back 87

dry

Front 88

astigmatism

Back 88

a refractive error causing light rays entering the eye to be focused irregularly on the retina due to an abnormally shaped cornea or lens; causes blurred vision

Front 89

blepharitis

Back 89

acute or chronic inflammation of the eyelid margins stemming from seborrheic, allergic, or bacterial origin; characterized by redness, swelling, burning, and itching of the margin of the eyelid. also mucous drainage and sometimes buildup of scalping, granulation, or crusting on eyelid margin.

Front 90

blepharoptosis

Back 90

occurs when the eyelid partially or entirely covers the eye as a result of a weakened muscle

Front 91

blindness

Back 91

loss of the sense of sight, or extreme visual limitations

Front 92

color blindness

Back 92

an inability to perceive visual colors sharply

Front 93

cataract

Back 93

the lens in the eye becomes progressively cloudy, losing its normal transparency and thus altering the perception of images due to the interference of light transmission to the retina

Front 94

chalazion

Back 94

a cyst or nodule on the eyelid, resulting from an obstruction of a meibomian gland, which is responsible for lubricating the margin of the eyelid

Front 95

conjunctivitis, acute

Back 95

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front part of the eyeball; often called "pink eye." three types of conjunctivitis are viral, bacterial, and allergic. viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are highly contagious, with viral conjunctivitis being the most common. allergic conjunctivitis is caused by the body's response to allergens or irritants and is not contagious

Front 96

corneal abrasion

Back 96

a disruption of the cornea's surface epithelium commonly caused by an eyelash, a small foreign body, contact lenses, or a scratch from a fingernail

Front 97

diabetic retinopathy

Back 97

occurs as a consequence of long-term or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in which the tissues of the retina experience scarring due to abnormal dilation & constriction of vessels, hemorrhages, microaneurysm, and abnormal formation of new vessels causing leakage of blood into the vitreous humor

Front 98

ectropion

Back 98

"turning out" or eversion of the eyelash margins (especially the lower eyelid) from the eyeball, leading to the exposure of the eyelid and eyeball surface and lining

Front 99

entropion

Back 99

"turning in" of the eyelash margins (especially the lower margins), resulting in the sensation similar to that of a foreign body in the eye (redness, tearing, burning, and itching).

Front 100

exophthalmia

Back 100

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s) typically due to an expanded volume of the orbital contents. The eye(s) appear to bulge forward.

Front 101

glaucoma

Back 101

ocular disorders identified as a group due to the increase in intraocular pressure, causing damage to the optic nerve (page 625)

Front 102

hyperopia

Back 102

a refractive error in which the lens of the eye cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired close vision that is blurred due to the light rays being focused behind the retina because the eyeball is shorter than normal; farsightedness

Front 103

hyphema (hyphemia)

Back 103

a bleed into the anterior chamber of the eye, resulting from a postoperative complication or from a blunt eye injury

Front 104

keratitis

Back 104

corneal inflammation caused by a microorganism, trauma to the eye, a break in the sensory innervation of the cornea, a hypersensitivity reaction, or a tearing defect (may be due to dry eyes or ineffective eyelid closure)

Front 105

macular degeneration

Back 105

progressive deterioration of the retinal cells in the macula due to aging. known as senile or age-related macular degneration (ARMD), this condition is a common and progressive cause of visual deficiency and permanent reading impairment in the adult over 65 yrs of age

Front 106

myopia

Back 106

a refractive error in which the lens of the eye cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired distance vision that is blurred due to light rays being focused in front of the retina because the eyeball is longer than normal; nearsightedness

Front 107

nyctalopia

Back 107

night blindness; inadequate vision at night or in faint lighting following reduction in the synthesis of rhodopsin, a compound in the rods of the retina that enables the eye to adjust to low-density light

Front 108

ophthalmia neonatorum

Back 108

a purulent (contains pus) inflammation of the conjunctiva and/or cornea in the newborn

Front 109

presbyopia

Back 109

a refractive error occurring after the age of 40, when the lens of the eye(s) cannot focus on an image accurately due to its decreasing loss of elasticity

Front 110

pterygium

Back 110

an irregular growth of fibrovascular tissue from the conjunctiva onto the cornea, usually on the nasal side of the cornea, that can disrupt vision if it extends over the pupil

Front 111

retinal detachment

Back 111

the partial or complete splitting away of the retina from the pigmented vascular layer called the choroid, interrupting vascular supply to the retina and thus creating a medical emergency

Front 112

retinal tear

Back 112

an opening in the retina that allows leakage of vitreous humor under the retina

Front 113

strabismus

Back 113

failure of the eyes to gaze in the same direction due to weakness in the muscles controlling the position of one eye. the most common type of strabismus is nonparalytic strabismus, an inherited defect in which the eye position of the two eyes has no relationship

Front 114

synechia

Back 114

an adhesion in the eye that develops as a complication of trauma, inflammation, or surgery or as a secondary condition of one of the following pathological conditions: cataracts, glaucoma, keratitis, or uveitis.

Front 115

trachoma

Back 115

an infectious eye disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which is chronic and will lead to blindness without effective treatment

Front 116

corneal transplant

Back 116

surgical transplantation of a donor cornea (cadaver's) into the eye of the recipient, often under general anesthesia

Front 117

electronystagmography

Back 117

a group of tests used in evaluating the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Front 118

electroretinogram (ERG)

Back 118

a recording of the changes in the electrical potential of the retina after the stimulation of light

Front 119

extracapsular cataract

Back 119

surgical removal of the anterior segment of the lens capsule along with the lens, allowing for the insertion of an intraocular lens implant

Front 120

fluorescein staining

Back 120

application of a fluorescein-stained sterile filter paper strip moistened with a few drops of sterile saline or sterile anesthetic solution to the lower cul-de-sac of the eye to visualize a corneal abrasion. a corneal abrasion is stained bright green when fluorescein stain is applied.

Front 121

gonioscopy

Back 121

The process of viewing the anterior chamber angle of the eye for evaluation, management, and classification of normal and abnormal angle structures. The examination involves using a gonioprism (mirrored contact lens) and a slit-lamp biomicroscope to observe the anterior chamber of the eye (area between the cornea and the iris). This painless exam is used to determine whether the drainage angle of the eye (area where the fluid drains out of the eye) is open or closed.

Front 122

intraocular lens implant

Back 122

The surgical process of cataract extraction and the insertion of an artificial lens in the patient's eyes. This restores visual acuity and provides improved depth perception, light refraction, and binocular vision.

Front 123

iredectomy

Back 123

Extraction of a small segment of the iris to open an anterior chamber angle and permit the flow of aq humor between the anterior and posterior chambers, thus relieving the person's intraocular pressure.

Front 124

keratoplatsty

Back 124

The transplantation of corneal tissue from one human eye to another to improve vision in the affected eye; aka corneal grafting.

Front 125

laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK

Back 125

A form of laser vision correction for nearsightedness

Front 126

pachymetry

Back 126

the measurement of the thickness of the cornea

Front 127

phacoemulsification

Back 127

A method of removing a lens by using ultrasound vibrations to split up the lens material into tiny particles that can be suctioned out of the eye

Front 128

photo-refractive keratectomy

Back 128

A surgical procedure in which a few layers of corneal surface cells are shaved off by an excimer laser beam to flatten the cornea and reduce myopia (nearsightedness)

Front 129

retinal photocoagulation

Back 129

A surgical procedure that uses an argon laser to treat conditions such as glaucoma, retinal detachment, and diabetic retinopathy in the following ways: retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy

Front 130

slit-lamp exam

Back 130

The exam of the external and internal structures of the eye, using a low-power microscope combined with a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine as a slit beam; aka biomicroscopy

Front 131

tonometry

Back 131

The process of determining the intraocular pressure by calculating the resistance of the eyeball to an applied force causing indentation

Front 132

trabeculectomy

Back 132

the surgical excision of a portion of the corneoscleral tissue to decrease the intraocular pressure in persons with severe glaucoma

Front 133

trabeculoplasty

Back 133

the surgical creation of a permanent fistula used to drain fluid (aq humor) from the eye's anterior chamber, usually performed under general anesthesia

Front 134

vitrectomy

Back 134

Surgical removal of the vitreous gel from the middle of the eye. It may be performed to surgically repair a retinal detachment, or it may also be performed if blood in the vitreous gel does not clear on its own.

Front 135

Acc

Back 135

accommodation

Front 136

ARMD

Back 136

age-related macular degeneration

Front 137

cc

Back 137

with correction (with glasses)

Front 138

ECCE

Back 138

extracapsular cataract extraction

Front 139

EOM

Back 139

extraocular movement

Front 140

ERG

Back 140

electroretinogram

Front 141

ICCE

Back 141

intracapsular cataract extraction

Front 142

IOL

Back 142

intraocular lens

Front 143

IOP

Back 143

intraocular pressure

Front 144

LASIK

Back 144

laser in situ keratomileusis

Front 145

OD

Back 145

right eye (ocular dexter)

Front 146

OS

Back 146

left eye (ocular sinister)

Front 147

OU

Back 147

each eye (oculus uterque)

Front 148

PEARL

Back 148

pupils equal and reactive to light

Front 149

PERLA

Back 149

pupils equal; react to light and accommodation

Front 150

PERRLA

Back 150

pupils equal, round, react to light, accommodation

Front 151

PK

Back 151

penetrating keratoplasty (corneal transplant)

Front 152

sc

Back 152

without correction

Front 153

VA

Back 153

visual acuity

Front 154

VF

Back 154

visual field

Front 155

VTX

Back 155

victrectomy