Chapter 9: The Early Republic

Front 1

Marbury v. Madison

Back 1

The first case the Federal Court declared unconstitutional, the court found that their request for judgment was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Marshall established the Supreme Court has the final judge of constitutional interpretation.

Front 2

Judicial Review

Back 2

Establishment that the Supreme Court has the final judge of constitutional interpretation. Marshall's declaration confirmed Jefferson's fear of the Federalist bias in the judicial branch.

Front 3

John Marshall

Back 3

The Chief Justice, a Republican and critic of Jefferson. He established the foundation for American jurisprudence, the authority of the Supreme Court, and the constitutional supremacy of the national government over the States.

Front 4

Barbary Pirates

Back 4

Off the coast of North Africa, countries of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli captured American vessels and ransomed the crew. Tripoli eventually went to war with America, until it conceded to $60,000 in ransom. This event made Jefferson reconsider his lack of a navy.

Front 5

Louisiana Purchase

Back 5

In 1803, Jefferson managed to obtain the Louisiana territory previously held by the French and Napoleon Bonaparte. This territory greatly increased the size and possibilities for America.

Front 6

Lewis and Clark

Back 6

After the Louisiana Purchase, Meriwether Lewis requested to go on an expedition to explore the new territory. His records of species and maps encouraged many to make move out west and introduce an entirely unknown world to America.

Front 7

Aaron Burr

Back 7

The vice president under Thomas Jefferson. Played a crucial role in the Federalist plan to reinstate control of government. The plan failed when Alexander Hamilton, who adamantly opposed Burr, challenged him to a duel and was thus shot through the heart.

Front 8

Impressment

Back 8

British practice of taking any sailors (not just British) and forcing them into military service if needed in an emergency.

Front 9

Chesapeake-Leonard Affair

Back 9

A British ship captured in American vessel off the coast of Virginia, when the captain refused to allow search, the British fired shots. The incident caused so much anger that many called for war, Thomas Jefferson refused and thus lost his presidency.

Front 10

Embargo of 1807

Back 10

In an attempt to prevent war, Jefferson implemented an embargo that prevented the sail of ships to foreign ports. American resistance to the embargo provide the Federalist Party, which charged that Jefferson was in league with the French. Jefferson eventually relinquished his presidency.

Front 11

Tecumseh

Back 11

The Shawnee leader who tried to unite Indian tribes in defense of their lands but lost and fled to British protection in Canada. This increased suspicions that British agents in the Great Lakes inciting the Indians. This led to the colonist thirst for war.

Front 12

War Hawks

Back 12

People who desired war in defense of "National Honor". The Warhawks were in adequately prepared just as the rest of the nation was for war once 1812 hit.

Front 13

Treaty of Ghent

Back 13

The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 between America and Great Britain. They agreed that the world would end, prisoners would be returned, previous boundries would be restored and other desires would be referred to commissions for future for settlement.

Front 14

Andrew Jackson

Back 14

Angered by attacks in the South, Jackson gathered his own army to successfully defend against the British. Jackson became a victorious general that eventually became a dynamic president.

Front 15

Hartford Convention

Back 15

In Hartford Connecticut, delegates gathered from Federalist New England states to discuss the amendments to the Constitution designed to limit Republican power. When representatives arrived to what remained of Washington DC to find people celebrating war victory, they embarrassingly discarded the message. The consequence was a fatal blow to the Federalist Party.

Front 16

Battle of New Orleans

Back 16

General Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans and captured Florida. The battle occurred after the peace treaty but still mattered because New Orleans was a port and generated patriotic nationalism.