Chapter 9: The Age Of Jackson

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Martin Van Buren
(Person) (Page 243)

Back 1

Van Buren was an ambitious secretary of state from New York. He became part of the "Kitchen Cabinet" that was an unofficial circle of political allies under the Jackson Administration. Van Buren had an exceptional amount of influence on the president.

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Peggy Eaton Affair
(Event) (Page 243)

Back 2

Cause: While serving as senators in Tennessee Andrew Jackson and his friend John Eaton had taken lodgings with Peggy O'Neale.
Description: Rumors began to circulate that said Eaton and O'Neale were having an affair. They later married after her husband died. The other administration wives would not allow Peggy into their social circle. Van Buren took this chance to befriend the Eatons.
Effect: This allowed Jackson to choose Van Buren as his heir apparent to succeed him in the White House.

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Webster-Hayne Debate
(Event) (Page 244)

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Cause: The controversy over nullification grew into a great debate over another sectional controversy
Description: Robert Hayne, from South Carolina, said that slowing down western growth would allow the East to hold its political and economic influence. Daniel Webster countered by challenging Hayne to debate on the issue of states' rights versus national power.
Effect: This allowed the two most important figures in government, Jackson and Jefferson, to draw sharp lines between themselves

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Nullification Crisis
(Event) (Page 245)

Back 4

Cause: The continuing controversy over nullification produced a crisis
Description: A group of South Carolinians responded heatedly to a congressional law that offered them no relief to the 1828 "tariff of abominations". They held a state convention that voted to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and to forbid the collection of duties within South Carolina. Jackson decided a force bill was necessary to make constitutional means of violence to enforce acts of Congress.
Effect: A compromise was made that allowed tariffs to be lowered gradually until 1842 so by then they would be at the same level as in 1816. A convention was held in South Carolina that repealed its nullification of the tariffs, but nullified the force act. This shows that no state can defy the federal government alone.

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Aroostook War

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Tensions began to break out over the boundary between Maine and Canada, which had been in conflict since the Treaty of 1783. In 1838, groups of Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the Aroostook River region in the conflicted area, triggering a violent brawl between the two groups. This became known as the Aroostook War.

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Webster- Ashburton Treaty

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A new government eager to reduce the tensions in the United States came to power in Great Britain. In the spring of 1842, it sent Lord Asburton to negotiate an agreement on the Maine Boundary. The result of his negotiations with Secretary of State, Webster, and representatives of Maine and Massachusetts was the Webster- Ashburton Treaty of 1842. It established a firm northern boundary between the United States and Canada along the Maine-New Brunswick border. This new border provided the United States with a bit more than half of the previously disputed territory. It also protected critical trade routes in both the northern United States and southern Canada. The treaty was generally popular in America, and in its aftermath, Anglo- American relations improved.

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Treaty of Wang Hya

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Caleb Cushing, the first American commissioner to China, concluded the Treaty of Wang Hya (Wanghia) in 1844, which extended to the United States trading privileges equal to those enjoyed by Britain. In particular, this agreement opened certain Chinese “treaty ports” and provided “extraterritorial status” to Americans in China.

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Second Seminole War (248)

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In 1835 the Native Americans in Florida, led by Osceola, rufused to relocate from their lands. When Jackson set troops into Florida the Native Americans used guerrilla war tactics to fend them off.

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Nicholas Biddle (250)

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Nicholas Biddle was the president of the Bank of the United States from 1823 on. Biddle tried to do everything in his authority to make the bank prosperous, but Jackson wanted to destroy it.

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Hard Money v. Soft Money (250)

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These are the two different groups that support the bank. Hard money people believed that gold and silver were the only basis for money and condemned all banks that used bank notes. Soft money people believed that issuing bank notes unsupported by gold and silver was best way to sirculate currency, this group largely consisted of state bankers

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Jackson's Veto (251)

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In 1832 Daniel Webster and Henry Clay persuaded Nicholas Biddle to submit a bill to congress that renew the Bank's charter 4 years early, which would later make it a major issue in the 1832 elections, but even though it passed through Congress Jackson predicabley vetoed it.

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The Black Hawk War

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A treaty was signed ceding tribal lands in Illinois to the United States but not all Indians agreed to this treaty. In 1831 Black Hawk did not legally recognize the treaty and a thousand followers crossed the river to reoccupy their land with Black Hawk. White settlers did not know what to do and they feared that Indians would invade so they gathered an army to defend their land. This is known as The Black Hawk War, unfortunately the Sauk and Fox Indians were defeated by the militia and many were slaughtered.

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The "Five Civilized Tribes"

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The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw are the five civilized tribes and they occupied western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. These five tribes had assimulated into American culture and living by establishing a settled agricultural societies with successful economies, stable and sophisticated culture with a written language and created their own constitution. This tribe now became an independent Cherokee Nation in 1827.

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Removal Act Of 1830

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The government wanted the southern states open to white settlement so the federal government attempted to renegotiate treaties to move Indians to the West. This process took a long time and patience was running out so the State of Georgia made an effort to dislodge the Creeks. Under Jackson legislatures in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi were passing laws to regulate remaining tribes. Congress passed the Removal Act to assist these states in financing the federal negotiations. The Cherokees attempted to rebel by going
to supreme court but they soon learned that the judicial system
did not have the authority to enforce decisions, it was up to the federal government and Us citizen access to Cherokee lands was forbidden.

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Trail of Tears

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In the Winter of 1838, thousands of Natives took the long voyage to the "Indian Territory", also known as Oklahoma, and many died before reaching their new forced upon home.Congress established the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 since all of the five civilized tribes were kicked out of their lands and they were sure that the new Indian Territory was a safe distance from white settlements and undesirable. Future conflicts seemed unlikely and the Indians now had to settle in the Great American Desert