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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognition |
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people |
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prototype |
a mental image or best example of a category |
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algorithm |
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
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heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently |
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insight |
a sudden realization of a problem's solution |
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confirmation bias |
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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mental set |
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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intuition |
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
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availability heuristic |
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
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belief perseverance |
clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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framing |
the way an issue is posed |
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creativity |
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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convergent thinking |
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
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divergent thinking |
expands the number of possible problem solutions |
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language |
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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phoneme |
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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morpheme |
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
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grammar |
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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aphasia |
impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area |
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Broca's area |
controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movement involved in speech |
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Wernicke's area |
controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe |
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linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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intelligence |
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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general intelligence |
a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
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savant syndrome |
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill such as in computation or drawing |
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emotional intelligence |
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
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intelligence test |
a method for accessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores |
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intelligence quotient |
defined originally as the mental age over chronological age multiplied by 100 |
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validity |
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
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content validity |
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
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predictive validity |
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict |
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crystalized intelligence |
our accumulate knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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fluid intelligence |
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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heritability |
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
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stereotype threat |
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
