Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Antibody |
protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance called and antigen *also known as immunoglobulins (IGS) |
|
antigen |
substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual |
|
bile pigment |
substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver * interference w/the excretion of bile may lead to jaundice |
|
cytokine |
chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells *important chemical communicators in the immune response |
|
immunocompetent |
ability to develop an immune response or recognize antigens and respond to them |
|
natural killer (NK) cells |
specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intercellular fluids to leak out. * NK cells destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells. |
|
3 solid components of blood |
erythrocytes (red blood cells) leukocytes (white blood cells) thrombocytes (platelets) |
|
blood |
body tissue composed of cells suspended in a liquid medium called plasma |
|
hematopoiesis hemopoiesis |
development of blood cells to their mature form |
|
blastic (embryonic) |
stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to these cell forms of all blood cell types. |
|
erythrocytes |
* Transport O2 and CO2 * most numerous of the circulating blood cells |
|
hemoglobin |
iron-containing compound gives erythrocytes their red color. * shaped like biconcave disks *live 120 days then rupture |
|
where blood cells are formed |
bone marrow of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and ends of the long bones of the arms and legs. |
|
leukocytes |
protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in the healing process. *crucial to the body's defense against disease |
|
two classifications of leukocytes |
granulocytes agranulocytes |
|
3 types of granulocytes |
neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
|
neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) |
stain pale lilac color * do not show a marked affinity for either an acid dye (red) or alkaline (basic) dye (dark purple) * responsible for ingesting & destroying bacteria and other foreign particles *first to appear at site of injury or infection |
|
eosinophils |
contain granules that stain red due to their affinity for the red acid dye eosin * main function is detoxification *numerous during allergic reactions |
|
basophils |
granules that stain dark purple due to affinity for the purple alkaline (basic) dye *main function is to release histamines and heparin at sites of injury |
|
Histamine |
initiate the inflammatory process by increasing blood flow. |
|
heparin |
an anticoagulant, acts to prevent blood from clotting at the injury site. |
|
Agranulocytes (MNLs) Mononuclear leukocytes |
arise in the bone marrow from stem cells but mature in lymph tissues. *play an integral part in the specific immune system *typically have nuclei that do not form lobes *Monocytes and lymphocytes
|
|
monocytes |
mildly phagocytic when found within blood vessels. *remain in vascular channels only a short time *when they exit, called macrophages |
|
lymphocytes |
include B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells. *learn to to recognize & destroy potential threats to the well-being of the individual |
|
Platelets (thrombocytes) |
the smallest formed elements found in blood. *not true cells, only cell fragments *initiate blood clotting when they encounter damaged vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized |
|
hemostasis |
control of bleeding *complex series of interdependent reactions. *become sticky initially and aggregate at the injury site to form a barrier to control blood loss |
|
thromboplastin |
substance that initiates clot formation *released by platelets |
|
fibrinogen |
a soluble blood protein *final step of coagulation *becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells
|
|
thrombus (blood clot) |
jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin |
|
plasma |
liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended. *appears as thin, almost colorless fluid when blood cells are removed *composed of 92% water *contains plasma proteins |
|
plasma proteins |
albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen |
|
blood serum |
product of blood plasma |
|
serum |
fibrinogen and clotting elements removed from plasma |
|
lymph |
fluid in lymph system in which lymphocytes and monocytes are suspended |
|
lymph system |
consists of fluid called lymph *a network of transporting vessels called lymph vessels *other structures including nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils |
|
functions of the lymph system |
1. Maintain fluid balance of the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood. 2. Transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues. 3. Filtering/removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes. |
|
interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) |
small amount of plasma that seeps from blood capillaries *resembles plasma, but contains less protein *carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their waste. |
|
lymph capillaries |
closed ended microscopic vessels become lymph. |
|
lymph nodes |
macrophages phagocytize bacteria and other harmful material while T cells and B cells exert their protective influence.
|
|
right lymphatic duct |
formed by the lymph vessels from the right chest and arm joint. *drains into the right subclavian vein |
|
right subclavian vein |
a major vessel in the cardiovascular system |
|
thoracic duct |
receives lymph from all other areas of the body and drains into the left subclavian veing |
|
left subclavian vein |
receives products of lymph from the thoracic duct |
|
spleen |
resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents. *also destroys old RBCs and serves as a repository for healthy blood cells. |
|
thymus |
located in the upper part of the chest (mediastinum) *controls the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system |
|
tonsils |
masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx. *act as filters to protect upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens. |
|
humoral immunity |
component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens like bacteria and viruses |
|
plassma cells |
clones cells of B cells that produce highly specific proteins called antibodies |
|
antigen-antibody complex |
when an antibody encounters its matching antigen and attaches to it |
|
cellular immunity |
component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens, such as viruses and cancer cells. |
|
aden/o |
gland |
|
agglutin/o |
clumping, gluing |
|
bas/o |
base (alkaline, opposite of acid) |
|
blast/o |
embryonic cell |
|
chrom/o |
color |
|
eosin/o |
dawn (rose-colored) |
|
erythr/o |
red |
|
granul/o |
granule |
|
hemo/ hemat/o |
blood |
|
immun/o |
immune, immunity, safe |
|
kary/o nucle/o |
nucleus |
|
leuk/o |
white |
|
lymphaden/o |
lymph gland (node) |
|
lymph/o |
lymph |
|
lymphangi/o |
lymph vessel |
|
morph/o |
form, shape, structure |
|
myel/o |
bone marrow, structure |
|
neutr/o |
neutral, neither |
|
phag/o |
swallowing, eating |
|
plas/o |
formation, growth |
|
poikil/o |
varied, irregular (what a cell looks like) |
|
reticul/o |
net, mesh |
|
ser/o |
serum |
|
sider/o |
iron |
|
splen/o |
spleen |
|
thromb/o |
blood clot |
|
thym/o |
thymus gland |
|
xen/o |
foreign, strange |
|
-blast |
embryonic cell |
|
-emia |
blood condition |
|
-globin |
protein |
|
-graft |
transplantation |
|
-osis |
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) |
|
-penia |
decrease, deficiency |
|
-phil |
attraction for |
|
-phoresis |
carrying, transmission |
|
-phylaxis |
protection |
|
-poiesis |
formation, production |
|
-stasis |
standing still |
|
a- |
without, not |
|
allo- |
other, differing from the normal |
|
aniso- |
unequal, dissimilar |
|
iso- |
same, equal |
|
macro- |
large |
|
micro- |
small |
|
mono- |
one |
|
poly- |
many, much |
|
acquired immunity |
most complicated type of body resistance |
|
resistance |
numerous body defenses work together to protect against disease. |
|
innate |
forms of resistance present at birth are innate |
|
macrophages |
monocytes that entered tissue spaces * in this form, they consume large numbers of pathogens |
|
2 types of lymphocytes |
B cells and T cells are the active cells of the adaptive immune response. |
|
Helper T cell |
essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity |
|
cytotoxic T cell |
cell that actually destroys the invading antigen |
|
suppressor T cell |
monitors the progression of infection |