Chapter 9 Quick And Easy Medical Terminology

Front 1

alimentation

Back 1

process of providing nutrition for the body

Front 2

nutrition

Back 2

food

Front 3

metabolism

Back 3

process of breaking down nutrients for use in growth, generation of energy, and elimination of wastes

Front 4

ingestion

Back 4

oral intake of substances into the body

Front 5

digestion

Back 5

follows ingestion

- mechanical and chemical conversion of food into substances that can eventually be absorbed by cells

Front 6

absorption

Back 6

process in which the digested food molecules pass through the lining of the small intestine into the blood or lymph capillaries

Front 7

elimination

Back 7

removal of undigested food particles

Front 8

defecation

Back 8

elimination of wastes through anus in the form of feces

Front 9

carbohydrates

Back 9

basic source of energy for human cells

- include sugars and starches

Front 10

enzymes

Back 10

required for chemically breaking down nutrients into simpler substances

Front 11

amylase

Back 11

enzyme that breaks down starch

Front 12

-ation

Back 12

action or process

Front 13

bil/i, chol/e

Back 13

bile

Front 14

cirrh/o

Back 14

orange-yellow

Front 15

de-

Back 15

down, from, reversing, or removing

Front 16

glycos/o

Back 16

sugar

Front 17

-orexia

Back 17

appetite

Front 18

-pepsia

Back 18

digestion

Front 19

vag/o

Back 19

vagus nerve

Front 20

viscer/o

Back 20

viscera

Front 21

alimentary

Back 21

pertaining to alimentation

Front 22

alimentary tract

Back 22

often called the alimentary canal or digestive tract

- long muscular tube that is lined with mucous membrane

- begins at mouth and ends at anus

Front 23

gastrointestinal

Back 23

refers to stomach and intestines

Front 24

cheil/o

Back 24

lips

Front 25

dent/i, dent/o, odont/o

Back 25

teeth

Front 26

gingiv/o

Back 26

gums

Front 27

gloss/o, lingu/o

Back 27

tongue

Front 28

or/o, stomat/o

Back 28

mouth

Front 29

esophag/o

Back 29

esophagus

Front 30

gastr/o

Back 30

stomach

Front 31

intestin/o, enter/o

Back 31

intestines

Front 32

duoden/o

Back 32

duodenum

Front 33

jejun/o

Back 33

jejunum

Front 34

ile/o

Back 34

ileum

Front 35

col/o, colon/o

Back 35

colon or large intestine

Front 36

append/o, appendic/o

Back 36

appendix

Front 37

cec/o

Back 37

cecum

Front 38

sigmoid/o

Back 38

sigmoid colon

Front 39

proct/o

Back 39

anus or rectum

Front 40

rect/o

Back 40

reectum

Front 41

an/o

Back 41

anus

Front 42

gingiva

Back 42

another name for the gum

Front 43

gingival

Back 43

pertaining to the gum

Front 44

hypoglossal

Back 44

under the tongue

Front 45

sublingual medication

Back 45

medication that is placed under the tongue

Front 46

mandible

Back 46

lower jaw

Front 47

mandibular

Back 47

pertaining to the lower jaw

Front 48

incisors, cuspids (canines), bicuspids, molars

Back 48

all permanent teeth

Front 49

endodontics

Back 49

diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp, tooth root and surrounding tissues and in the practice of root canal therapy

Front 50

orthodontics

Back 50

diagnosis and treatment of problems with tooth alignment and associated facial problems

Front 51

pedodontics

Back 51

devoted to the care of the children's teeth and mouth, pediatric dentistry

Front 52

periodontics

Back 52

the study and treatment of the periodontium

Front 53

periodontium

Back 53

the tissue that supports the teeth and keeps them firmly anchored

Front 54

periodontal

Back 54

pertaining to the periodontium

Front 55

esophagus

Back 55

long tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach

Front 56

gastric lavage

Back 56

washing out of the stomach

Front 57

gastralgia, gastrodynia

Back 57

pain of the stomach

Front 58

vermiform appendix

Back 58

wormlike structure extending from the cecum

- known for being inflamed

Front 59

ileocecal valve

Back 59

group of muscles that are located between the ileum and the cecum

Front 60

colon

Back 60

consists of four distinct parts

- ascending colon

- transverse

-descending

- sigmoid

Front 61

proctologist

Back 61

physician who specializes in diseases of the anus and rectum as well as disorders of the colon

Front 62

mucus

Back 62

secreted by the inner lining of the digestive tract

Front 63

gastroenterology

Back 63

study of the stomach, intestines, and associated structures

Front 64

gasteroenterologist

Back 64

physician who specializes in gastroenterology

Front 65

anal

Back 65

pertaining to the anus

Front 66

duodenal

Back 66

pertaining to the duodenum

Front 67

endogastric

Back 67

pertaining to the interior of the stomach

Front 68

enteral

Back 68

pertaining to the small intestine

Front 69

esophageal

Back 69

pertaining to the esophagus

Front 70

gastric

Back 70

pertaining to the stomach

Front 71

glossal

Back 71

pertaining to the tongue

Front 72

intestinal

Back 72

pertaining to the intestine

Front 73

lingual

Back 73

pertaining to the tongue

Front 74

rectal

Back 74

pertaining to the rectum

Front 75

bil/i, chol/e

Back 75

bile

Front 76

cholecyst/o

Back 76

gallbladder

Front 77

choledoch/o

Back 77

common bile duct

Front 78

hepat/o

Back 78

liver

Front 79

pancreat/o

Back 79

pancreas

Front 80

sial/o

Back 80

salivary gland

Front 81

salivary glands

Back 81

located in the oral cavity

- pertaining to saliva

Front 82

saliva

Back 82

produced by salivary glands

- moistens the oral cavity

- contains amylase

Front 83

bile

Back 83

liver produced

- breaks down fats before absorption by the liver and is either stored by the gallbladder or transported to the small intestine for immediate use

Front 84

cholecystic

Back 84

pertaining to the gallbladder

Front 85

choledochal

Back 85

pertaining to the common bile duct (which is the main duct that conveys bile to the duodenum)

Front 86

insulin

Back 86

hormone that regulates the blood sugar level

- produced in pancreas

- secreted in pancreatic juice

Front 87

esophagram (esophagogram)

Back 87

x-ray image of the esophagus taken while the patient swallows a liquid barium suspension

Front 88

barium swallow

Back 88

the procedure in esophagrams

Front 89

barium meal

Back 89

what the human ingests for a esophagram

- ingested in an upper GI series

-radiographic examination is made as the barium passes through the esophagus, stoman, and duodenum

Front 90

barium enema

Back 90

used to study the lower intestinal tract

- rectal infusion of barium and sulfate

Front 91

biliary tract

Back 91

pathway for bile flow from the liver to the bile duct and into the duodenum

Front 92

gallstone

Back 92

biliary calculus

- formed int he biliary tract

- may cause jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, obstruction and inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 93

cholelithiasis

Back 93

presence of stones in the gallbladder

Front 94

choledocholithiasis

Back 94

presence of stones in the common bile duct

Front 95

pancreatolithiasis

Back 95

presence of a pancreatic stone

Front 96

sialography

Back 96

used to study salivary ducts by injecting radiopaque substances into the ducts

- can demonstrate presence of calculi in ducts

Front 97

esophagoscopy

Back 97

if the upper GI endoscopy procedure focuses on the esophagus

Front 98

gastroscopy

Back 98

if the GI endoscopy focuses on the stomach

Front 99

colonoscopy

Back 99

endoscopic examination of the lining of the colon

Front 100

colonoscope

Back 100

instrument used in colonoscopy

Front 101

coloscopy

Back 101

aka colonoscopy, but used less often

Front 102

sigmoidoscopy

Back 102

inspection of the rectum and sigmoid colon with an endoscope

Front 103

proctoscopy

Back 103

endoscopic examination of the rectum

Front 104

proctoscope

Back 104

instrument used in proctoscopy

Front 105

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 105

primarily a result of resistance to insulin or lack of insulin secretion by the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas

Front 106

polyphagia

Back 106

excessive hunger and uncontrolled eating

Front 107

polyuria

Back 107

excessive urination

Front 108

polydipsia

Back 108

excessive thirst

Front 109

glycosuria

Back 109

urine containing glucose

Front 110

hyperglycemia

Back 110

increased glucose level in the blood

Front 111

gestational diabetes mellitus

Back 111

carbohydrate intolerance, usually caused by a deficiency of insulin

Front 112

hypoglycemia

Back 112

blood contains less than normal amount of sugar

Front 113

hyperlipemia

Back 113

elevated level of lipids in blood

- sometimes called hyperlipidemia

Front 114

obesity

Back 114

abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells of the body

Front 115

hyperemesis

Back 115

excessive vomiting

Front 116

emesis

Back 116

vomiting

Front 117

diarrhea

Back 117

need to go!

Front 118

dehydration

Back 118

output of body fluid exceeds fluid intake

Front 119

emaciation

Back 119

excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition

Front 120

anorexia

Back 120

loss of appetite for food

Front 121

anorexia nervosa

Back 121

disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat that results in emaciation

- often associated with psychologic stress or conflict

Front 122

Bulimia

Back 122

characterized by episodes of binge eating that often terminate in self-induced vomiting

Front 123

malnutrition

Back 123

bad nutrition

Front 124

malabsorption syndrome

Back 124

complex of symptoms that include anorexia, weight loss, flatulence, muscle cramps, and bone pain

Front 125

flatulence

Back 125

excessive gas in the stomach and intestinal tract that leads to bloating

Front 126

appendicitis

Back 126

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

Front 127

hepatic

Back 127

pertaining to the liver

Front 128

cirrhosis

Back 128

chronic liver disease characterized by marked degeneration of liver cells

Front 129

hepatotoxic

Back 129

toxic or destructive to the liver

Front 130

cholangitis

Back 130

inflammation of the bile ducts

Front 131

cholangiography

Back 131

x-ray examination of the bile ducts usually using a contrast agent

Front 132

cholangiogram

Back 132

record of the bile ducts produced in cholangiography

Front 133

pancreatolith

Back 133

pancreatic stone

Front 134

sialolithiasis

Back 134

presence of a salivary stone

Front 135

eupepsia

Back 135

good or normal digestion

Front 136

dyspepsia

Back 136

bad, poor, or abnormal digestion

Front 137

viscera

Back 137

refers to large internal organs enclosed within a cavity, especially the abdominal organs

Front 138

visceral

Back 138

pertaining to the large internal organs in the abdominal cavity

Front 139

peritoneum

Back 139

membrane that surrounds the viscera and lines the abdominal cavity

Front 140

peritonitis

Back 140

inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 141

inguinal canal

Back 141

an opening in the abdominal wall for passage of the spermatic cord in males and a ligament of the uterus in females

Front 142

canker sores

Back 142

ulcers, chiefly of the mouth and lips

Front 143

cheilitis

Back 143

inflammation of the lip

Front 144

gingivitis

Back 144

inflammation of the gums

Front 145

glossitis

Back 145

inflammation of the tongue

Front 146

stomatis

Back 146

inflammation of the mouth

Front 147

dysphagia

Back 147

inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing

Front 148

esophageal varices

Back 148

complex of enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus that are susceptible to hemorrhage

Front 149

esophagitis

Back 149

inflammation of the esophagus

Front 150

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 150

condition resulting from a backflow of the stomach contents into the esophagus

Front 151

antacids

Back 151

against acid

Front 152

gastritis

Back 152

inflammation of the stomach

Front 153

gastrocele

Back 153

herniation of the stomach

Front 154

hiatus or hiatal hernia

Back 154

common type of gastrocele

- protrusion of a structure through the opening in the diaphragm that allows passage of the esophagus

Front 155

gastroenteritis

Back 155

inflammation of the stomach and the intestinal tract

Front 156

hyperacidity

Back 156

excessive amount of acid in the stomach

Front 157

ulcer

Back 157

lesion of the mucous membrane, accompanied by the sloughing (shedding) of dead tissue

Front 158

upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Back 158

bleeding of the upper digestive structures

Front 159

appendicitis

Back 159

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

Front 160

colitis

Back 160

inflammation of the colon

Front 161

diverticulitis

Back 161

inflammation of a diverticulum in the intestinal tract especially in the colon, causing stagnation or lack of movement of feces and pain

Front 162

diverticulectomy

Back 162

if diverticulitis, this procedure is performed

Front 163

diverticulum

Back 163

small sac or pouch in the wall of an organ

Front 164

diverticulosis

Back 164

presence of diverticula without inflammation

Front 165

duodenal ulcer

Back 165

an ulcer of the duodenum

Front 166

duodenitis

Back 166

inflammation of the duodenum

Front 167

enterostasis

Back 167

stoppage or delay in passage of food through the intestine

Front 168

hemorrhoids

Back 168

masses of veins in the anal canal that are unnaturally distended and lie just inside or outside the rectum

Front 169

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Back 169

abnormally increased motility of the small and large intestines of unknown origin

Front 170

lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Back 170

bleeding of the lower digestive structures

Front 171

cholecystitis

Back 171

inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 172

cholelithiasis

Back 172

formation or presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

Front 173

cholestasis

Back 173

stoppage of bile excretion

Front 174

cirrhosis

Back 174

chronic liver disease characterized by marked degeneration of liver cells

Front 175

hepatitis

Back 175

inflammation of the liver

Front 176

hepatomegaly

Back 176

enlargement of the liver

Front 177

diabetes

Back 177

general term for diseases characterized by excessive urination

Front 178

nasogastric tube

Back 178

enteral feeding tube extending from the nose to stomach

Front 179

nasoduodenal tube

Back 179

enteral feeding tube extending from the nose to the duodenum

Front 180

nasojejunal tube

Back 180

enteral feeding tube extending from the nose to the jejunum

Front 181

esophagostomy, gastrostomy, jejunostomy

Back 181

surgical opening made in the esophagus, stomach, or jejunum respectively

Front 182

anorexiant

Back 182

an appetite-suppressing drug

Front 183

gastroplasty or gastric bypass

Back 183

surgical approach for treating extreme obesity to limit food intake or absorption

Front 184

antidiarrheals

Back 184

used to treat diarrhea

Front 185

antiemetics

Back 185

relieve or prevent vomiting

Front 186

emetics

Back 186

induce vomiting in an individual for emergency treatment of drug overdose

Front 187

laxatives

Back 187

cause evacuation of the bowel and may be prescribed for constipation

Front 188

purgatives or cathartics

Back 188

strong medications used to promote full evacuation of the bowel as in preparation for diagnostic studies or surgery of the digestive tract

Front 189

laser lithotripsy

Back 189

use of laser to disintegrate the stone

Front 190

shock wave lithotripsy

Back 190

high-energy shock wave to disintegrate the stone

Front 191

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Back 191

gallbladder is excised with a laser and removed through a small incision in the abdominal wall

Front 192

appendectomy

Back 192

removal of the vermiform appendix

Front 193

cholecystectomy

Back 193

surgical removal of the gallbladder

Front 194

colostomy

Back 194

creation of an artificial anus on the abdominal wall by incising the colon and drawing it out to the surface

Front 195

gastrectomy

Back 195

surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

Front 196

gastroduodenostomy

Back 196

remaining portion of stomach is joined to the duodenum after gastrectomy

Front 197

anastomosis

Back 197

joining of two organs, vessels, or ducts that are normally separated

Front 198

gastrostomy

Back 198

surgical creation of a new opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall

- performed when the patient cannot eat normally

Front 199

hemorrhoidectomy

Back 199

removal of hemorrhoids by any of several means, including surgery

Front 200

ileostomy

Back 200

creation of a surgical passage through the abdominal wall into the ileum

- necessary when the large intestine has been removed

Front 201

stoma

Back 201

opening in the ileum where the fecal matter from the ileum drains through into a bag worn on the abdomen

Front 202

laparoscopy

Back 202

examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall

Front 203

liver biospy

Back 203

removal of tissue from the liver for pathologic examination

Front 204

percutaneous liver biopsy

Back 204

removal of liver tissue by using a needle to puncture the skin overlying the liver

Front 205

pancreatolithectomy

Back 205

excision of a pancreatic stone

Front 206

vagotomy

Back 206

resection (partial excision) of portions of the vagus nerve near the stomach

- procedure is done to decrease the amount of gastric juices released