Chapter 9 Psych

Front 1

1.

The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan is called:

A)

cognitive psychology.

B)

humanistic psychology.

C)

developmental psychology.

D)

comparative psychology.

Back 1

C)

developmental psychology.

Front 2

2.

Which of the following statements BEST defines a chromosome?

A)

a single unit of DNA instructions

B)

the chemical genetic code that is the basis of heredity

C)

a long, threadlike structure composed of DNA

D)

the observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism

Back 2

C)

a long, threadlike structure composed of DNA

Front 3

3.

Which of the following BEST defines a gene?

A)

The observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism.

B)

A unit of DNA that encodes instructions for making a particular protein.

C)

A type of highly specialized cell that directs the development of other cells.

D)

One of several thousand different protein molecules.

Back 3

B)

A unit of DNA that encodes instructions for making a particular protein.

Front 4

4.

The term genotype refers to:

A)

a recessive gene that is found only on the X chromosome.

B)

the genetic makeup of an organism.

C)

a computer-enhanced image of the genes found embedded in a single chromosome.

D)

a category of living organisms that are genetically related.

Back 4

B)

the genetic makeup of an organism.

Front 5

5.

The term phenotype refers to:

A)

a dominant gene found only on the X chromosome.

B)

a computer-enhanced image of the chromosomal makeup of a single organism.

C)

the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

D)

the complete set of genes that an organism has inherited.

Back 5

C)

the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

Front 6

6.

The human genome:

A)

is the complete map of the DNA in the human organism.

B)

contains 23 pairs of genes.

C)

is almost identical to that of primates and contains approximately 250,000 kinds of chromosomes.

D)

has been hypothesized since the early 1900s but scientists have yet to prove that it exits.

Back 6

A)

is the complete map of the DNA in the human organism.

Front 7

7.

Which of the following represents the correct order of prenatal development?

A)

embryonic period, germinal period, fetal period

B)

fetal period, embryonic period, germinal period

C)

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

D)

germinal period, zygotic period, fetal period

Back 7

C)

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

Front 8

8.

Within hours of being born, an infant displays a preference for his or her mother's _____ over that of a stranger.

A)

touch

B)

voice

C)

heartbeat

D)

hair

Back 8

B)

voice

Front 9

9.

Temperament researchers agree that individual differences in temperament have a genetic and biological basis. Researchers also agree that:

A)

a child's basic temperament is set for life by the age of 6 months.

B)

a child's basic temperament is mostly determined by his environment and upbringing.

C)

environmental experiences can modify a child's basic temperament.

D)

because temperament has a genetic basis, it cannot be changed.

Back 9

C)

environmental experiences can modify a child's basic temperament.

Front 10

10.

John is a 3-year-old with a history of secure attachment to his mother and father. According to the research on the long-term effects of attachment, what can be predicted about John's later development?

A)

John is likely to have academic and social problems as an adolescent.

B)

John is likely to have difficulty getting along with other children in preschool because he is so self-centered.

C)

John is likely to be socially competent both as a preschooler and as an adolescent.

D)

No conclusions can be drawn, because there is no evidence to support the belief that quality of attachment in infancy has any long-term effects.

Back 10

C)

John is likely to be socially competent both as a preschooler and as an adolescent.

Front 11

11.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of language development from birth to about age 2?

A)

cooing, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage

B)

babbling, cooing, two-word stage, four-word stage

C)

production, comprehension, one-word stage

D)

consonants, vowels, babbling, two-word stage

Back 11

A)

cooing, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage

Front 12

12.

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:

A)

studies of the newborn's visual preferences.

B)

research investigating the development of moral reasoning.

C)

theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

D)

influential theory of psychosocial development throughout the lifespan.

Back 12

C)

theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

Front 13

13.

On a rainy afternoon, 5-year-old Nathan had great fun building a pirate ship using the cushions from the couch and several kitchen chairs. Nathan's imaginary play reflects his capacity for _____, which is a characteristic of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)

object permanence; preoperational

B)

abstract reasoning; concrete operational

C)

conservation; preoperational

D)

symbolic thought; preoperational

Back 13

D)

symbolic thought; preoperational

Front 14

14.

Seven-year-old Amy demonstrates logical thinking when she plays checkers with her father. Amy is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)

sensorimotor

B)

preoperational

C)

concrete operational

D)

formal operational

Back 14

C)

concrete operational

Front 15

15.

The zone of proximal development is an important element in:

A)

Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

B)

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

C)

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

D)

Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Back 15

B)

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

Front 16

16.

According to the discussion in the text, Piaget's notion that his stages of cognitive development are universal has been challenged by the finding that:

A)

some adults never display the characteristics of formal operational thinking.

B)

children in many cultures do not display the characteristics of preoperational thinking.

C)

most adolescents are unable to respond correctly to conservation tasks.

D)

few people display the characteristics of concrete operational thinking.

Back 16

A)

some adults never display the characteristics of formal operational thinking.

Front 17

17.

Adolescent relationships are characterized by which of the following?

A)

Relationships with parents become more important, while relationships with peers become less important.

B)

Relationships with peers become all important, while relationships with parents are not important at all.

C)

Relationships with peers increase in importance, but relationships with parents remain important.

D)

Relationships with others become less important, as the adolescent tends to focus on developing his or her own identity.

Back 17

C)

Relationships with peers increase in importance, but relationships with parents remain important.

Front 18

18.

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is strongly influenced by:

A)

social and cultural factors.

B)

heredity.

C)

spurts of brain growth, which occur every 6 months until age 14.

D)

the opportunity to actively explore one's physical environment.

Back 18

A)

social and cultural factors.

Front 19

19.

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development held that:

A)

personality is determined by how childhood conflicts are resolved and is typically fixed by age 8.

B)

psychosocial development begins in early adulthood, when personal identity has stabilized.

C)

by middle adulthood, psychosocial development is complete.

D)

psychosocial development continues throughout the lifespan, with each stage marked by a particular challenge for further psychological development.

Back 19

D)

psychosocial development continues throughout the lifespan, with each stage marked by a particular challenge for further psychological development.

Front 20

20.

How does culture affect moral reasoning?

A)

Culture has no effect on moral reasoning, as Kohlberg's stages of moral development are universal.

B)

Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to attain stage 6 reasoning.

C)

Collectivistic cultures tend to stress interdependence and concern for the welfare of others and put less emphasis on individual rights and justice.

D)

Collectivistic cultures tend to stress individual rights and put less emphasis upon care and responsibility for others.

Back 20

C)

Collectivistic cultures tend to stress interdependence and concern for the welfare of others and put less emphasis on individual rights and justice.

Front 21

21.

At what age do people reach their intellectual peak?

A)

in their twenties

B)

in their forties

C)

in their teens

D)

in their seventies

Back 21

v

B)

in their forties

Front 22

22.

Identify the researcher who proposed that dying people go through five distinct stages.

A)

Robert Kastenbaum

B)

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

C)

Erik Erikson

D)

Lawrence Kohlberg

Back 22

B)

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

Front 23

23.

Anxiety about death tends to _____ in middle adulthood and _____ in late adulthood.

A)

decrease; peak

B)

peak; decrease

C)

reach its lowest point; reach its highest point

D)

increase; peak

Back 23

B)

peak; decrease

Front 24

24.

Parents who are demanding but unresponsive to their children's needs are called _____, while parents who are demanding yet responsive to their children's needs are called _____.

A)

authoritative; permissive

B)

authoritarian; authoritative

C)

permissive; indulgent

D)

indifferent; authoritarian

Back 24

B)

authoritarian; authoritative

Front 25

25.

Which of the following is NOT recommended as an effective way for parents to foster psychological health in their children?

A)

combine parental control with affection, responsiveness to the child's needs, and flexibility

B)

consider the child's temperament, age, and stage of cognitive development in setting reasonable expectations for the child's behavior

C)

expect even very young children to think and behave like miniature adults

D)

listen to the child and provide plenty of warmth and affection

Back 25

C)

expect even very young children to think and behave like miniature adults