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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language has a hierarchical organization:
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Sentence
Word Morpheme Phoneme |
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Phonemes can be classified according to features:
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Voicing
Manner of production Place of articulation |
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Voicing
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Whether vocal folds vibrate
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Manner of production
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Whether air is fully stopped or merely restricted
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Place of articulation
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Where in the mouth the air is restricted (e.g., tongue behind upper teeth [d])
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How is speech perception complicated?
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There are no gaps between phonemes or between words.
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Speech segmentation
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Process of "slicing" the speech stream into words and phonemes so the listener knows where one sound stops and the next begins.
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Coarticulation
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The blending of phonemes at word boundaries, resulting in no particular acoustic pattern corresponding to one phoneme.
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Phonemic restoration effect
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Hearing phonemes that are not actually present in the stimulus if they are highly likely in context.
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Categorical perception
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We are much better at hearing the differences between categories of sounds than we are at hearing the variations within a category.
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For each word a speaker knows, there are several kinds of information:
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Phonology
Orthography Syntax Semantics |
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Referent
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Actual object, action, or event in the world that a word refers to.
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Generativity
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The capacity to create an endless series of new combinations, all built from the same set of basic units.
- E.g., hack, hacker, hacking, hacked |
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Phrase-structure rule
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A constraint that governs the pattern of branching in a phase-structure tree.
S - NP VP NP - (det) A*N VP - V (NP) |
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Descriptive rules
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Rules that characterize the language as it is ordinarily used by fluent speakers.
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Prescriptive rules
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Standards for how language "ought" to be used.
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Competence
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Language knowledge that might be revealed under ideal circumstances.
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Performance
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Actual behaviour of a speaker/listener, including errors, under normal circumstances.
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D-structure
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Underlying and abstract structure of a speaker's intended meaning in uttering a sentence.
Ambiguity - E.g., "He wants to discuss sex with Jay Leno." |
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Linguistic universals
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Rules or structural properties that apply to every human language.
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Garden-path sentence
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Initially suggests one interpretation, which turns out to be wrong.
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Principle of minimal attachment
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Leads the listener to choose the simplest phrase structure that will accommodate the words heard so far.
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Extralinguistic context
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Factors outside of language itself.
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Prosody
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Patterns of pauses and pitch changes that characterize speech production.
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Pragmatics
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Knowledge of how language is ordinarily used.
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What type of aphasia is Broca's area associated with?
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Nonfluent aphasia - a part of the normal vocabulary is lost, and the patient's speech becomes laboured and fragmented.
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What type of aphasia is Wernicke's area associated with?
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Fluent aphasia - patients can produce speech, but it is composed of many filler words and scant information.
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Specific language impairment (SLI)
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Developmental disorder in which children of normal intelligence and normal muscle movement ability have difficulty with learning and using language.
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What are some sources of evidence that suggest there may be specialized mechanisms for language learning?
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Children can learn language even with no exposure
SLI Over-regularization errors (children do not learn language based solely on imitating what they hear) |
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Semantic bootstrapping
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Using semantic knowledge to make inferences about the syntactic structure of a language.
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Linguistic relativity
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Hypothesis that people who speak different languages think differently
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