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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Biotechnology

Use of a cell for a purpose

Recombinant DNA Technology

Insertion of genes to make desired proteins

Clone

Genetically identical cell from once cell

Vector

Self-replicating DNA used to transport foreign DNA into a cell

Artificial Selection

Humans select for a desired trait

Site-directed mutagenesis

A specific gene is targeted and mutated.

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific restriction sites, leaving sticky or blunt ends. DNA cut by the same one can bind to the original, sewn up by Ligase.

Steps of PCR

-DNA is heated to break H bonds


-Add a primer, nucleotides, polymerase


-Cool to allow primer to bind to strand


-Heat to allow polymerase to bind to primer and add nucleotides


-Repeat again and again

rtPCR

Uses reverse transcriptase to made DNA copies from an RNA template.

Transformation

Free (environmental) DNA binds to protein receptors on cell and are taken into the cell.

Electroporation

An electrode opens protein channels on the cell wall so that DNA can slip through.

Protoplast fusion

Two cell walls are enzymatically digested, leaving protoplasts, which fuse at the plasma membrane. Parts of their chromosome form a recombination. The recombinant cell forms a new cell wall.

Gene gun

Microscopic gold coated with DNA are shot at cells (usually euks for size) to penetrate through the cell walls.

Microinjection

A tiny vacuum holds a cell in place while a microneedle injects a gene into the cell.

Genomic Libraries

A collection of clones for a particular species containing a specimen for every particular gene of the species, artificially inserted.

cDNA Libraries

DNA is made from mRNA with reverse transcriptase after processing. We then know exactly what is expressed (euks exons only)

Screening using color or antibiotic

To find a clone with a gene of interest, insert the recombinant plasmid then plate on selective media. Those that grew in antibiotic resistance or a certain color (depending on the gene of interest) are your cells.

Select clone with Colony Hybridization

Replicate plate; treat the filter with a detergent to lyse the cells, the NaOH to open DNA. Add a complementary DNA with fluorescent marker to bind to the appropriate clone.

DNA Vaccines

A non-pathogenic virus is given genes to code for pathogenic proteins as a therapeutic approach.

Gene Therapy

Replacing a missing or defective gene in a patient.

Gene Silencing

Turning off bad genes. siRNAs bind to expressed RNA, and RISC breaks down the double stranded RNA so no protein expression occurs.

CRISPR/Cas9

Protein can recognize a specific sequence in a genome and cut the sequence out, inserting a new one.

Shotgun Sequencing

Sequencing a genome chunks at a time by breaking it up with many restriction enzymes and then putting all the sequenced chunks together via computer.

Metagenomics

Study of genetic material taken directly from environmental samples, used to ID cells that maybe can't be cultured.

Bioinformatics

Combination of biology and computer science. Understands huge data of genome

Proteomics

Science of determining all of the proteins coded for in a cell.

Southern Blotting

DNA probes are used to ID different fragments. DNA is fragmented, separated by electrophoresis, transferred to a filter and a fluorescent probe is attached to indicate a gene fragment of interest

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA is cut up, ran along a gel, and lined up to create an image of the fragments for comparison.

Forensic Microbiology

DNA evidence used in court.

Nanotechnology

Using viruses, bacteria to make nano-sized particles and supply small metals for nano-sized machines.

Agricultural application

Give a plant herbicide or pest resistance by means of recombinant DNA.