Chapter 9

Front 1

Behavior

Back 1

sequence of behaviors that requires no learning, does not vary among individuals, and once started runs to completion

Front 2

Fixed action pattern

Back 2

sequence of behaviors that requires no learning, does not vary among individuals, and once started runs to completion

examples: egg retrieval in geese and aggressive displays and attacks by stickleback fish

Front 3

Innate behavior

Back 3

present in all individuals in a population and do not vary much from one individual to another

Front 4

Sign stimulus

Back 4

an external signal that triggers the innate behavior called a fixed action pattern

Front 5

Learning

Back 5

a monkey quickly learns to fear snakes if it sees another monkey express such fear

Front 6

Altruistic behavior

Back 6

a behavior that comes at a cost to the individual preforming it and benefits another

Front 7

Kin selection

Back 7

strategy by which one individual assisting another can compensate for its own decrease in fitness if it is helping a close relative in a way that increases the relatives fitness

Front 8

Reciprocal altruism

Back 8

the individual performing the act is likely to get something of value from the recipient at a later time

Front 9

Inclusive fitness

Back 9

the sum of an individuals indirect and direct fitness

Front 10

Direct fitness

Front 11

Indirect fitness

Front 12

Reproductive investment

Back 12

energy and material expended by an individual in the growth, feeling and care of offspring

Front 13

Paternity uncertainty

Back 13

b/c it is possible for a female to mate with multiple males, any of whom could be the father

Front 14

Polygamy

Back 14

system in which some individuals attract multiple mates while other individuals attract none

Front 15

Polygyny

Back 15

individual males mate with multiple females

Front 16

Polyandry

Back 16

individual females mate with multiple males

Front 17

Monogamy

Back 17

most individuals mate and remain with just one other individual

Front 18

Mating systems

Back 18

polygamy and monogamy

Front 19

Sexual dimorphism

Back 19

when the sexes of a species do differ in size or appearance, mating system tends to polygamy, one parent invests more in caring for the offspring

Front 20

Sexual monomorphism

Back 20

the sexes are distinguishable, mating system tends towards monogamy, both parents invests equally in caring for the offspring

Front 21

Communication

Back 21

an action or signal on the part of one individual that informs or alters the behavior of another individual

Front 22

Chemical communication

Back 22

pheromones released by one individual and detected by another

ex: silkworm moth airborne chemical release for mating, territory markers such as urine

Front 23

Pheromones

Back 23

molecules released by an individual into the environment that trigger behavioral responses in other individuals

ex: silkworm releases bombykol into the air

Front 24

Acoustical

Back 24

sounds that trigger behavioral responses are abundant in the natural world

ex: songs of birds, whales, crickets, frogs, territorial howling from wolves

Front 25

Visual

Back 25

individuals often display visual signals of threat, dominance, or health and vigor

ex: male baboon showing its teeth and male peacock showing its feathers

Front 26

Waggle dance

Back 26

when a honeybee scout returns to the hive after locating a food source, she preforms a set of maneuvers on a honeycomb, she wiggles her abdomen. The bees observe her dance and leave the hive to locate the food source