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154 Cards in this Set
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deliver oxygen to cells, remove waste materials, provide for blood coagulation, protect against foreign agents, (phagocytosis, acquired immune response) & cellular communication |
blood, lymph, and immune systems |
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
formed elements of blood |
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proteins (albumins, globulins, & fibrinogen) gases, nutrients, salts, hormones, & excretory products |
Plasma in blood |
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red blood cells aka |
erythrocytes (RBCs) |
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white blood cells aka |
Leukocytes (WBCs) |
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platelets aka |
thrombocytes |
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formed in the bone marrow of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and ends of the long bones of arms and legs |
blood cells |
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connective tissue composed of a liquid medium, plasma. |
blood |
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give rise to embryonic forms of all blood cell types in the bone marrow |
stem cells |
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embryonic aka |
blastic |
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the development of blood cells to their mature form |
hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis |
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transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
RBC |
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cells provide defense |
WBC |
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platelets assist blood clotting |
thrombocytes |
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blood cells are essential for what |
life |
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most numerous of the circulating blood cells |
RBC |
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a specialized iron containing compound |
hemoglobin |
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develop hemoglobin that gives them their red color during their development |
RBC |
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hemoglobin carries oxygen to body tissues in these cells |
RBC |
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RBC live about how many days and then rupture |
120 |
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When RBCs rupture what does it give off |
hemoglobin and cell fragments |
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when hemoglobin is released in the rupture of a cell what happen to it |
breaks down into hemosiderin |
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iron compound; returns to bone marrow and is reused to make new blood cells |
hemosiderin |
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protect bdy against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in the healing process |
WBC |
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migrate through tissue spaces by diapedesis |
WBC |
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classified as either granulocytes or agranulocytes depending on whether they contain granules or not |
leukocytes |
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all part of which category |
granulocytes |
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monocytes and lymphocytes are part of what |
agranulocytes |
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also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or polys because their nuclei are segmented |
neutrophils |
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contain granules that stain red bc of their affinity for the red acid dye eosin |
eosinophils |
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contain granules that stain a pale lilac color |
neutrophils |
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contain granules that stain dark purple |
basophils |
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phagocytic cells; responsible for ingesting and destroying bacteria and other foreign particles |
neutrophils |
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main function of this granulocyte is to release histamines and heparin at sites of injury |
basophils |
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help in damage containment and tissue repair |
basophils |
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heparin is an? it prevents blood from clotting at the injury site |
anticoagulent |
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if you are deficient in the number of these blood cells you are at a high risk for infection |
neutrophils |
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blood cells are especially numerous during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations |
eosinophils |
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arise in bone marrow from stem cells but mature in lymph tissues |
agranulocytes |
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mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs) aka |
agranulocytes |
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initiate inflammatory response; heparin |
basophils |
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mildly phagocytic when found within blood vessels |
monocytes |
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avid phagocytes capable of ingesting pathogens, dead cells, and other debris found at sites of inflammation |
macrophages |
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when they exit, they turn into macrophages |
monoctes |
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includes B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells |
lymphocytes |
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B cells aka |
humoral cells |
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T cells aka |
cellular |
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natural killer cells aka |
cancer cells |
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B and T cells provide a highly specific body defense called |
acquired immunity (specific immune response) |
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monocytes body defense is |
specific immunity |
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when lymphocytes learn to recognize and destroy potential treats to the well being of the indivicual |
acquired immunity |
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smallest formed elements found in the blood |
platelets |
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platelets are not cells but |
cell fragments |
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initiate blood clotting; control of bleeding |
hemostasis |
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initiate hemostasis when they encounter damaged vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized |
platelets |
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substance that initiates clot formation |
thromboplastin |
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jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin is called |
thrombus (blood clot) |
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interlinked reaction between thromboplastin, prothrombin activator, thrombin, calcium ions, and fibrin |
platelet |
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the liquid portion in which cells are suspended |
plasma |
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plasma is composed of what percent of water |
92 |
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albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens are all examples of what |
plasma proteins |
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composed of water, plasma proteins, gases, nutrients, salts, hormones, and waste materials |
plasma |
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transportation is caused by this |
plasma |
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product of blood plasma; when clotting elements have been removed |
blood serum |
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most blood tests use what |
serum |
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What are the antibodies (plasma) of blood type A, B, AB, and O?
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Anti-B, Anti-A, none, Anti-A,B |
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what are the antigens (RBC) of blood type A, B, AB, and O? |
A, B, AB, and O |
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what blood type does most of the population have and what is the percent? |
O, 45 |
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what blood type does the population have the least of and what is the % |
AB 4 |
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41% of the pop have what type of blood |
A blood |
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a fluid in which monocytes and lymphocytes are suspended |
lymph |
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consists of lymph, lymph vessels, nodes, the spleen, thymus, and tonsils |
lymph system |
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what does the lymph system do? |
maintain fluid balance transports lipids for use of body filters and removes unwanted/infectious lymph nodes |
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act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens |
tonsils |
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destroys old RBCs and acts as a repository for healthy blood cells |
spleen |
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transforms WBCs to T cells (cellular immunity) |
thymus |
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body defenses aka |
resistance |
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when forms of resistance are present at birth it is known as |
innate |
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gastric juices, tears, saliva, neutrophils are part of what category |
chemical/cellular |
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includes physical and chemical/cellular |
resistance |
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this kind of immune response develops after birth; exposure to disease |
acquired |
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identifies antigen, destroys it, and remembers it for next time |
acquired immune response |
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highly phagocytic |
macrophages |
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after brief stay in the vascular system, they enter tissue spaces and become macrophages |
monocytes |
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macrophages consume infectious angents and bcome |
antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
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APC awaits this to then initiate the immune response |
immunocompetent lymphocyte |
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B and T lymphocytes are both what |
immune cells |
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B lymphocytes aka |
humoral immunity |
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component of the specifi immune system that protects primaily against extracellular antigens such as bacteria and viruses that haven't yet entered a cell |
humoral immunity |
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T lymphocytes aka |
cellular immunity |
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plasma cells aka |
antibodies |
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plasma cells and memory cells are both in which immune cell |
B lymphocytes |
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component of a specific immune system that protects primarlily against intracellular antigens such as viruses and cancer cells |
cellular immunity |
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Cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, and memory all are what kind of cells |
T cells |
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cell that destroys invading antigen |
cytotoxic T cell |
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essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity |
helper T cell |
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monitors progression of infection |
suppressor T cell |
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find their way to the lymph system and remain there long after the encounter with the antigen, ready for combat if the antigen reappears |
memory T cells |
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produce clone to specific antigens in humoral immunity |
B cells |
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travel the body & encounter specific antigen, attack and neutralize it in humoral immunity |
antibodies |
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attacks any cell that appears abnormal; non-specific; can kill over and over; no memory |
natural killer cells (NK) |
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study of blood and blood forming organs |
hematology |
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study of disorders of the immune system |
allergists, immunologists |
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aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, iron defiency, folic deficiency, pernicious, and sickle cell are all common types of what |
anemias |
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excessive blood cell destruction |
hemolytic anemia |
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excessive blood loss |
hemorrhagic anemia |
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decreased blood formation within bone marrow |
aplastic anemia |
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inability to produce sufficient red blood cells due to the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis |
folic-acid deficiency anemia |
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chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than 50 due to lack of B12 needed for blood cell development |
pernicious anemia |
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inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent shaped when oxygen levels are low |
sickle cell anemia |
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any condition in which oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is decreased |
anemia |
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symptoms include dyspnea, pallor, tachycardia, and hypotension |
anemia |
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antibodies attack the normal cells to the point of injury during the |
autoimmune disease |
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Cause of AIDS |
HIV |
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infectious diseases which slowly destroy the immune system are known as |
AIDS |
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immunocompromised; attacks the helper T cell; opportunisitic infections |
AIDS |
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blood, semen, vaginal secretions are how AIDs is what |
transmitted |
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Does aids have a cure? Is there treatment? |
no. yes, but they have side effects |
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symptoms include malaise, fever, night sweats, and weight loss |
You guess it, AIDS |
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acquired abnormal immune response that requires initial exposure to an allergen |
allergies |
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allergen aka |
antigen |
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initial exposure aka |
sensitization |
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signs and symptoms include hives, eczema, asthma, and in extremes it causes anaphylactic shock |
allergies |
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hives aka |
urticaria |
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treatment includes desensitization with injections |
allergens |
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failure of the body to distinguish between self and nonself |
autoimmune disease |
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chronic progressive autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the voluntary muscles of the body causing sporadic weakness |
myasthenia gravis |
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periods of flare up aka |
exacerbations |
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periods of latency |
remissions |
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RA, ITP, vasculitis, SLE, and myasthenia gravis are all examples of what |
autoimmune diseases |
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chronic conditions requiring life-long treatment; exacerbations and remissions |
autoimmune diseasese |
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decrease in blood protein level |
hypoproteinemia |
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causes include poor lymph drainage, high sodium intake, increasd capillary permeability, and heart failure; major cause is hypoproteinemia |
edema |
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If edema is localized (surface) what do you use to take care of it |
elevation and cold packs |
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if edema is systemic (inside) what do you use to take care of it |
diuretics |
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what do diuretics do? |
promote urination |
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a condition closely related to edema is waht |
ascites |
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fluid collects within the peritoneal or pleural cavity |
ascites |
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cardiac disease, obstruction of lymph flow, electrolyte disturbances, and liver disease are all part of what |
ascites |
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abnormal activation of the proteins involved inblood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues |
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) |
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localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel |
hematoma |
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any disease of the lymph nodes |
lymphadenopathy |
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swelling primarily in a single arm or leg due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels |
lymphedema |
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presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning |
sepsis |
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infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and or radiation therapy |
bone marrow autologous |
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infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and or radiation |
bone marrow homologous |
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allogenic transplant aka |
bone marrow homologous |
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infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another person (recipient) |
transfusion |
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series of tests that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; red and white blood cell counts, platelet count; and differential count |
CBC |
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complete blood count aka |
hemogram |
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test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficitncies of some clotting factors |
PTT (partial thromboplastin time) |
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PTT aka |
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) |
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visualization fo lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymph system |
lymphangiography |
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start at hemophilia |
hemophilia |
