Chapter 9

Front 1

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of__________ psychology.

Back 1

developmental

Front 2

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

Back 2

Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another and they may differ in important fundamental ways.

Front 3

The idea that social interactions are a key factor in children's cognitive development was an essential part of the theory of _________.

Back 3

Lev Vygotsky

Front 4

According to Carstenen and her colleagues, older people prefer the company of those who are emotionally close. This prediction is from the ________ theory.

Back 4

socioemotional selectivity

Front 5

What marks the beginning of adolescence?

Back 5

puberty

Front 6

Among humans, there is evidence that ________ may prevent the loss of neurons as they age.

Back 6

being in an enriched environment

Front 7

Which of the following statements about the ovum is true?

Back 7

It is the largest cell in the female human body.

Front 8

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ______ stage.

Back 8

sensorimotor

Front 9

A child's conscience usually develops by the age of ________ years.

Back 9

3

Front 10

In the second trimester of a pregnancy, the developing baby is called ________.

Back 10

a fetus

Front 11

If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development, they will make decisions and act independently.

Back 11

autonomy versus doubt

Front 12

The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.

Back 12

adolescence

Front 13

The growth spurt for girls typically begins at what age?

Back 13

lower birth weight and smaller head size

Front 14

________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

Back 14

Nature; nurture

Front 15

The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.

Back 15

phonemes

Front 16

Ethan, a 3-year-old, asks his mom to cut a pizza pie into 12 rather than 8 pieces because he is "really hungry." On the basis of this example, it is most appropriate to conclude that Ethan ________.

Back 16

does not understand conservation

Front 17

Puberty is defined as _________.

Back 17

the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development is stimulated by hormonal changes.

Front 18

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in?

Back 18

preoperational

Front 19

Lawrence Kohlberg is credited with advancing our understanding of how children approach________, or situations where children have to entertain the pros and cons for a set of possible actions.

Back 19

moral dilemmas

Front 20

What is another name for a child's inability to take another's point of view?

Back 20

egocentrism

Front 21

Attachment often first becomes evident at around _______ of age, when separation anxiety appears.

Back 21

six months

Front 22

After the age of 50 years, people have an increased difficulty hearing _______ sounds.

Back 22

high frequency

Front 23

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she ________.

Back 23

will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation

Front 24

________, which occurs in the ________ period of cognitive development, is the ability to understand that stimuli exist even when they cannot be immediately perceived.

Back 24

Object permanence; preoperational

Front 25

________ refers to the beliefs, desires, values, and attributes that define a person to himself or herself.

Back 25

self concept

Front 26

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______.

Back 26

cognitive development

Front 27

Jevon and his sister Lea are opening their presents on Christmas morning. Lea opens up a beautiful doll with a dress and lovely blond hair. Jevon says, "Ew, that is a girl's toy." Jevon clearly has some established gender _______ for playtime behavior.

Back 27

roles

Front 28

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ______.

Back 28

babbling

Front 29

In Erikson's __________stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers attempt to develop a sense of purpose and direction.

Back 29

wss

Front 30

What is another name for gametes?

Back 30

sex cells

Front 31

Elijah is a 3-year-old little boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which period of cognitive development is Elijah in?

Back 31

Preoperational

Front 32

In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized the role of ________ during development.

Back 32

social interactions

Front 33

Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.

Back 33

trust

Front 34

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

Back 34

cross-sectional design

Front 35

Shelley and Julie are mothers who each have a three-month-old infant. Shelley tells Julie, "My son is so fussy," to which Julie replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns' ________.

Back 35

temperaments

Front 36

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Back 36

should only be applied to males.

Front 37

Erik Erikson's stages of ________ development consider the effects of maturation and learning on personality and relationships.

Back 37

psychosocial

Front 38

According to some research, children develop their understanding of gender roles quite early, perhaps by the age of __________.

Back 38

2 yrs

Front 39

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?

Back 39

the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

Front 40

Which of the following is a potential reason why the trend is for puberty to start earlier?

Back 40

additives in food products

Front 41

What is another name for mental structures that organize sensory and perceptual input and connect it to the appropriate responses?

Back 41

schemes

Front 42

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 1-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of 5 years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

Back 42

longitudinal design

Front 43

Research has found that some aspects of memory tend to become poorer during our later years, at least partly because parts of the brain that produce the neurotransmitter _________ become impaired with age.

Back 43

acetylcholine

Front 44

How does the sperm reach the egg in order to fertilize it?

Back 44

The muscle contractions of the uterus move it.

Front 45

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method.

Back 45

crosss sesvkj

Front 46

What do we learn from the research of Meaney and his colleagues with rats?

Back 46

Handling rat pups during the first days after birth had an impact on their responses to stressful events.

Front 47

Which part of the brain is probably also responsible for the difficulty that older adults have with working memory and strategizing?

Back 47

the frontal lobes

Front 48

According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in developing a sense of competence and ability to work with others, the result may be the development of a sense of _________.

Back 48

inferiority

Front 49

The assumption that we are born with a proclivity to develop and use language is known as __________.

Back 49

nativism

Front 50

The visual cliff experiment ________.

Back 50

determined that infants can perceive depth before they can talk

Front 51

A narrow window of time when a certain type of learning or some aspect of development is possible is called a __________ period.

Back 51

critiitical

Front 52

According to researchers, which types of sounds do babies find the least appealing?

Back 52

dissonant sounds

Front 53

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

Back 53

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Front 54

Researchers using the habituation technique have found that infants may be able to perceive visual depth cues as early as __________ of age.

Back 54

2-3 months

Front 55

Which of the following language milestones is the latest to occur?

Back 55

subtle pragmatics

Front 56

Infant reflexes are______.

Back 56

innate involuntary behavior patterns

Front 57

When the sole of Baby Joshua's foot is stroked, his big toe flexes and the other toes fan out. This is known as the ________ reflex.

Back 57

Babinski