Chapter 9

Front 1

Selenium plays a role in all of the following except
A.
glutathione peroxidase activity.
B.
thyroid function.
C.
immune function.
D.
regulation of fluid status.

Back 1

D. regulation of fluid status

Front 2

Selenium toxicity would most likely result from
A.
high intakes of seafood.
B.
high intakes of grain products grown on selenium-rich soil.
C.
excessive use of fortified foods.
D.
dietary supplementation.

Back 2

D.
dietary supplementation.

Front 3

Muscle pain, wasting, and heart damage result from a deficiency of
A.
vitamin E.
B.
vitamin A.
C.
selenium.
D.
vitamin C.

Back 3

C. Selenium

Front 4

Which of the following is not accounted for in the calculation of RAEs?
A.
Alpha-carotene
B.
Beta-carotene
C.
Lutein
D.
Preformed vitamin A

Back 4

C. Lutein

Front 5

Typical North American diets
A.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin E.
B.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin A.
C.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin C.
D.
All of these choices are correct.

Back 5

A.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin E.

Front 6

The bioavailabilty of carotenoids is affected by
A.
exposure to acid.
B.
consumption with meat products.
C.
cooking.
D.
soil mineral content.

Back 6

C. Cooking

Front 7

Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake, but would also increase
A.
vitamin C intake.
B.
selenium intake.
C.
vitamin E intake.
D.
vitamin A intake.

Back 7

C. Vitamin E Intake

Front 8

Deficiency symptoms of pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, bleeding gums, and joint pain are related to the role of vitamin C in
A.
collagen synthesis.
B.
carnitine synthesis.
C.
neurotransmitter synthesis.
D.
antioxidant reactions.

Back 8

A. Collagen Synthesis

Front 9

The bioavailabilty of carotenoids is affected by
A.
cooking.
B.
soil mineral content.
C.
exposure to acid.
D.
consumption with meat products.

Back 9

A. cooking

Front 10

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of
A.
vitamin A.
B.
iron.
C.
vitamin E.
D.
zinc.

Back 10

B. iron

Front 11

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for the health of epithelial cells because it promotes mucus production?
A.
vitamin C
B.
vitamin E
C.
vitamin D
D.
vitamin A

Back 11

D. vitamin A

Front 12

Vitamin A supplements are needed by
A.
pregnant women.
B.
people with severe fat malabsorption.
C.
anyone trying to fend off a winter cold.
D.
All of these choices are correct.

Back 12

B. people with severe fat malabsorption.

Front 13

The selenium content of the typical North American diet is
A.
adequate, due to widespread fortification of foods with selenium.
B.
inadequate, due to low intake of whole grain products.
C.
inadequate, due to low intake of fruits and vegetables.
D.
adequate, due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.

Back 13

D.
adequate, due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.

Front 14

Beta-carotene is
A.
one form of vitamin E.
B.
a precursor to vitamin A.
C.
one form of vitamin A.
D.
a precursor to vitamin E.

Back 14

B. a precursor to vitamin A.

Front 15

Which of the following is true about selenium?
A.
It is needed for insulin formation and use
B.
It acts as a cofactor in protein metabolism
C.
It participates in antioxidant reactions
D.
An excess can cause hypertension

Back 15

It participates in antioxidant reactions

Front 16

A.
sweet potatoes, which contain beta-carotene, a cancer-fighting antioxidant.
B.
a granola bar with added psyllium, a soluble fiber that may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C.
milk enriched with CLA, a dietary oil that may improve immune function.
D. a granola bar with added calcium to improve bone health.

Back 16

D. a granola bar with added calcium to improve bone health.

Front 17

Which of the following serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes, protecting them and DNA inside cells, from damage?
A.
Vitamin D
B.
Vitamin K
C.
Niacin
D.
Vitamin E

Back 17

D. Vitamin E

Front 18

Which of the following population groups has increased vitamin C requirements?
A.
Vegetarians
B.
Smokers
C.
Older adults
D.
Alcoholics

Back 18

B. smokers

Front 19

Which of the following serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes, protecting them and
DNA inside cells, from damage?
A.
Vitamin D
B.
Vitamin K
C.
Vitamin E
D.
Niacin

Back 19

C. Vitamin E

Front 20

The safest way to meet vitamin A needs is by
A.
consuming a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
B.
heavy use of fortified foods.
C.
consuming organ meats on a daily basis.
D.
use of a vitamin A supplement.

Back 20

A. consuming a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables

Front 21

Antioxidants
A.
damage cell membranes.
B.
donate electrons to free radicals.
C.
are reduced in chemical reactions.
D.
promote the formation of free radicals.

Back 21

B. donate electrons to free radicals

Front 22

Which of the following foods is highest in selenium?
A.
Salmon
B.
Raisins
C.
Special K
D.
Tuna

Back 22

D. tuna

Front 23

Typical North American diets
A.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin E.
B.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin A.
C.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin C.
D.
All of these choices are correct.

Back 23

A.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin E.

Front 24

Free radical damage has been implicated in
A.
sinus infections.
B.
sickle cell disease.
C.
atherosclerosis.
D.
HIV.

Back 24

C.
atherosclerosis.

Front 25

Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?
A.
Carotenoids are found in animal foods
B.
Carotenoids can be converted retinoids
C.
Retinoids are converted to carotenoids
D.
Retinoids are found in plant foods

Back 25

B. Carotenoids can be converted retinoids

Front 26

Which of the following qualities can help to identify produce that is rich in antioxidants?
A.
Fat content
B.
Price
C.
Texture
D.
Color

Back 26

d. color

Front 27

Night blindness results from
A.
an inability of the pupil to dilate in low light.
B.
drying of the cornea of the eye.
C.
dysfunction of rod cells in the retina of the eye.
D.
dysfunction of cone cells in the retina of the eye.

Back 27

C.
dysfunction of rod cells in the retina of the eye.

Front 28

Which of the following vitamins has been helpful in large doses as a treatment for acne?
A.
vitamin C
B.
vitamin A
C.
vitamin D
D.
vitamin E

Back 28

B. vitamin A

Front 29

All of the following are true about the toxicity of vitamin A except
A.
most adverse effects disappear after doses stop.
B.
one can experience toxic effects from consuming too much beta-carotene.
C.
one is unlikely to get toxic doses from eating food.
D.
fetal malformation can occur.

Back 29

fetal malformation can occur.

Front 30

The main form of vitamin E in the body is
A.
beta-tocopherol.
B.
delta-tocopherol.
C.
gamma-tocopherol.
D.
alpha-tocopherol.

Back 30

alpha-tocopherol.

Front 31

Selenium toxicity would most likely result from
A.
excessive use of fortified foods.
B.
high intakes of grain products grown on selenium-rich soil.
C.
dietary supplementation.
D.
high intakes of seafood.

Back 31

c. dietary supplementation.

Front 32

The selenium content of the typical North American diet is
A.
inadequate, due to low intake of fruits and vegetables.
B.
adequate, due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.
C.
inadequate, due to low intake of whole grain products.
D.
adequate, due to widespread fortification of foods with selenium.

Back 32

B.
adequate, due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.

Front 33

Flavonoids, carotenoids, and stanols are examples of
A.
zoochemicals.
B.
phytochemicals.
C.
toxic chemicals.
D.
provitamin A.

Back 33

B. phytochemicals

Front 34

Which of the following qualities can help to identify produce that is rich in antioxidants?
a. Color
b. Price
c. Texture
d. Fat content

Back 34

A. Color

Front 35

Drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency is called
a. xerophthalmia.
b. cachexia.
c. dysphagia.
d. apnea.

Back 35

a. xerophthalmia.

Front 36

Deficiency symptoms of pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, bleeding gums, and joint related to the role of vitamin C in
a. neurotransmitter synthesis.
b. carnitine synthesis.
c. antioxidant reactions.
d. collagen synthesis.

Back 36

d. collagen synthesis.

Front 37

Which of the following marketing campaigns aims to improve the antioxidant content North American diet?
a. Beef: It's What's for Dinner
b. Got Milk?
c. Five-A-Day
d. Fight Bac!

Back 37

c. Five-A-Day

Front 38

Free radical damage has been implicated in
a. sinus infections.
b. sickle cell disease.
c. atherosclerosis.
d. HIV.

Back 38

c. atherosclerosis.

Front 39

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of
a. iron.
b. zinc.
c. vitamin E.
d. vitamin A.

Back 39

A. Iron

Front 40

A. regulation of fluid status.
B. glutathione peroxidase activity.
C. immune function.
D. thyroid function.

Back 40

A. regulation of fluid status.

Front 41

Which of the following is true about selenium?
A. An excess can cause hypertension
B. It participates in antioxidant reactions
C. It acts as a cofactor in protein metabolism
D. It is needed for insulin formation and use

Back 41

B. It participates in antioxidant reactions

Front 42

Overconsumption of vitamins A and E can do all the following except
A. lead to accumulation in the liver.
B. cure colds and prevent cancer.
C. lead to debilitating side effects.
D. result in toxicity.

Back 42

B. cure colds and prevent cancer.

Front 43

_____ milligram(s) of provitamin A is (are) equivalent to 1 milligram of preformed vitamin A.
A. 12
B. 6
C. 3
D. 1

Back 43

A. 12

Front 44

Which of the following foods is highest in selenium?
A. Salmon
B. Raisins
C. Special K
D. Tuna

Back 44

D. Tuna

Front 45

Vitamin E functions as a(n)
A. coenzyme.
B. hormone.
C. enzyme.
D. antioxidant.

Back 45

D. antioxidant.

Front 46

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of
A. vitamin A.
B. iron.
C. vitamin E.
D. zinc.

Back 46

B. iron.

Front 47

Which of the following is a good source of provitamin A?
A. Potatoes
B. Orange
C. Cauliflower
D. Apricot

Back 47

D. Apricot

Front 48

The main form of vitamin E in the body is
A. alpha-tocopherol.
B. gamma-tocopherol.
C. delta-tocopherol.
D. beta-tocopherol.

Back 48

A. alpha-tocopherol

Front 49

When a molecule loses an electron in a chemical reaction, the molecule has been
A. metabolized.
B. induced.
C. oxidized.
D. reduced.

Back 49

C. oxidized

Front 50

Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake, but would also increase
A. selenium intake.
B. vitamin C intake.
C. vitamin A intake.
D. vitamin E intake.

Back 50

D. vitamin E intake.

Front 51

Typical North American diets
A.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin E.
B.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin A.
C.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin C.
D.
All of these choices are correct.

Back 51

A.
fall short of the RDA for vitamin E.

Front 52

Selenium plays a role in all of the following except
A.
immune function.
B.
regulation of fluid status.
C.
thyroid function.
D.
glutathione peroxidase activity.

Back 52

b. regulation of fluid status

Front 53

The selenium content of the typical North American diet is
A.
adequate, due to widespread fortification of foods with selenium.
B.
inadequate, due to low intake of whole grain products.
C.
inadequate, due to low intake of fruits and vegetables.
D.
adequate, due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.

Back 53

d. adequate, due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.

Front 54

Vitamin A supplements are needed by
A.
pregnant women.
B.
people with severe fat malabsorption.
C.
anyone trying to fend off a winter cold.
D.
All of these choices are correct.

Back 54

b. people with severe fat malabsorption

Front 55

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of
A.
zinc.
B.
vitamin E.
C.
vitamin A.
D.
iron.

Back 55

d. iron

Front 56

To bolster immune function, evidence supports
A.
consuming 5 - 9 servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables per day.
B.
consuming a variety of nuts and seeds.
C.
taking megadoses of vitamin C supplements.
D.
All of these choices are correct.

Back 56

a. consuming 5 - 9 servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables per day.

Front 57

The most bioavailable source of vitamin E is
A.
plant oil.
B.
fish oil.
C.
alpha-tocopherol supplements.
D.
mixed-tocopherol supplements.

Back 57

A. plant oil

Front 58

Which of the following is the best source of preformed vitamin A?
A. Broccoli
B. Liver
C. Pork chop
D. Chicken breast

Back 58

b. liver

Front 59

5.Dark green or orange vegetables and/or fruits are recommended at least every other day to provide a source of
A. vitamin E.
B. vitamin A.
C. vitamin C.
D. vitamin D.

Back 59

B. Vitamin A

Front 60

Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake, but would also increase
A. selenium intake.
B. vitamin A intake.
C. vitamin C intake.
D. vitamin E intake.

Back 60

D. Vitamin E intake

Front 61

To bolster immune function, evidence supports
A. consuming 5 - 9 servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables per day.
B. consuming a variety of nuts and seeds.
C. taking megadoses of vitamin C supplements.
D. All of these choices are correct.

Back 61

A. consuming 5 - 9 servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables per day.

Front 62

Beta-carotene is
A. one form of vitamin E.
B. a precursor to vitamin E.
C. one form of vitamin A.
D. a precursor to vitamin A.

Back 62

D. a precursor to vitamin A.

Front 63

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for the health of epithelial cells because it promotes mucus production?
A. vitamin D
B. vitamin A
C. vitamin E
D. vitamin C

Back 63

B. vitamin A

Front 64

The best way to improve the body's ability to cope with free radicals is to
A. increase intake of processed meats.
B. exercise at high altitudes.
C. consume plenty of fruits and vegetables.
D. take antioxidant supplements.

Back 64

C. consume plenty of fruits and vegetables.

Front 65

Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?
A. Carotenoids are found in animal foods
B. Retinoids are found in plant foods
C. Retinoids are converted to carotenoids
D. Carotenoids can be converted retinoids

Back 65

D. Carotenoids can be converted retinoids

Front 66

1) Consuming carotenoids may reduce the risk for all of the following except antioxidant functions and
A. osteoporosis.
B. cataracts.
C. age-related macular degeneration.
D. cardiovascular disease.

Back 66

a. osteoporosis

Front 67

4) An atom's nucleus has
A. a neutral charge.
B. a positive charge.
C. a negative charge.
D. unpaired electrons.

Back 67

B. a positive charge.

Front 68

6) Which of the following is an antioxidant?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin B-6
C. Biotin
D. Niacin

Back 68

A. Vitamin C

Front 69

7) Most vitamin A is stored in the
A. kidneys.
B. small intestine.
C. liver.
D. adipose tissue.

Back 69

c. liver

Front 70

9) An average serving of which food provides the most vitamin A?
A. Yellow squash
B. Egg
C. Liver
D. Apricot

Back 70

c. liver

Front 71

10) Glutathione peroxidase
A. converts water into oxygen and hydrogen.
B. converts peroxides into water.
C. converts alcohol into peroxides.
D. converts glucose into fructose.

Back 71

B. converts peroxides into water.

Front 72

20) Dark green or orange vegetables and/or fruits are recommended at least every other day to provide a source of
A. vitamin E.
B. vitamin A.
C. vitamin C.
D. vitamin D.

Back 72

B. vitamin A.

Front 73

24) Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake, but would also increase
A. selenium intake.
B. vitamin A intake.
C. vitamin C intake.
D. vitamin E intake.

Back 73

D. vitamin E intake.

Front 74

40) The best way to improve the body's ability to cope with free radicals is to
A. increase intake of processed meats.
B. exercise at high altitudes.
C. consume plenty of fruits and vegetables.
D. take antioxidant supplements.

Back 74

C. consume plenty of fruits and vegetables.

Front 75

45) Which of the following groups is at high risk for negative consequences of marginal vitamin E status?
A. Vegetarians
B. Preterm infants
C. Athletes
D. Older Adults

Back 75

B. Preterm infants

Front 76

46) In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by
A. lycopene.
B. chlorophyll.
C. lutein.
D. anthocyanin.

Back 76

B. chlorophyll.

Front 77

47) George wants to increase his consumption of vitamin A for the possible cancer risk-reducing effects. Which of the following foods should he choose?
A. Spinach
B. Salmon
C. Pears
D. Potato

Back 77

A. spinach

Front 78

48) The vitamin C content of foods can be decreased by
A. exposure to heat.
B. leaching into cooking water.
C. exposure to oxygen.
D. All of these choices are correct.

Back 78

D. All of these choices are correct.

Front 79

49) Glutathione peroxidase
A. converts water into oxygen and hydrogen.
B. converts peroxides into water.
C. converts alcohol into peroxides.
D. converts glucose into fructose.

Back 79

b. converts peroxides into water

Front 80

50) Which of the following snacks provides the most vitamin C?
A. Vanilla ice cream topped with sliced strawberries
B. Whole wheat crackers with peanut butter
C. Baked apples with cinnamon and brown sugar
D. Grilled cheese sandwich

Back 80

a. vanilla ice cream topped with sliced strawberries

Front 81

54) A mineral that has antioxidant functions and has been suggested to reduce cancer risk is
A. iron.
B. manganese.
C. selenium.
D. sulfur.

Back 81

c. selenium

Front 82

55) Scurvy can be prevented with adequate intakes of
A. niacin.
B. riboflavin.
C. vitamin C.
D. thiamin.

Back 82

c. vitamin c

Front 83

56) Free radicals
A. are the result of an inborn error of metabolism.
B. are generated by normal metabolic processes.
C. have no beneficial roles in the body.
D. reduce inflammation.

Back 83

B. are generated by normal metabolic processes.

Front 84

1. Vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it
A. acts as a blood thinner.
B. prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.
C. relaxes blood vessel walls.
D. prevents sodium retention.

Back 84

B. prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.

Front 85

Formation and maintenance of collagen requires
A. thiamin
B. Vitamin C
C. Pantothenic Acid
D. Folate

Back 85

B. Vitamin C