Chapter 9+10: Muscle

Front 1

Three types of muscle tissue

Back 1

Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth

Front 2

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Back 2

Organs attached to the bones and skin
Muscle fibers
Striated
Voluntary
Require nervous system stimulation

Front 3

Cardiac Muscle tissue

Back 3

Only in Heart
Striated
involuntary
Can contract without nervous system stimulation

Front 4

Smooth Muscle tissue

Back 4

In walls of hollow organs
Not striated
Involuntary
Can contract without nervous system stimulation

Front 5

List of muscle functions

Back 5

Movement of bones or fluids
Maintaining posture and body position
stabilizing joints
heat generation

Front 6

List the connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle

Back 6

Epimysium- surrounding entire muscle
Perimysium- Surrounding fascicles(groups muscle fibers)
Endomysium- surrounding muscle fibers

Front 7

Attachments of skeletal muscle

Back 7

Insertion(movable) or Origin(less movable) then it can be either Direct(Flesh to bone) or Indirect(Tendon or Aponeurosis)

Front 8

Sarcomere

Back 8

Contains A Band with 1/2 I band at each end
Composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins

Front 9

Thin Filaments

Back 9

Actin myofilaments

Ultrastructure- contraction: Troponin attaches--> tropomysin moves and uncover binding sites-->allow myosin attachment

Front 10

Thick Filaments

Back 10

Myosin myofilaments

Ultrastructure- cross-bridge during contraction:
Binding sites for actin of thin filaments--> Binding sites for ATP--> ATP enzymes

Front 11

For skeletal muscle to contract (list)

Back 11

Activation
-signal(stimulation) from nervous system
-action potential in sarcolemma
Excitation-contraction coupling
-Action potential propagated along sarcolemma
-Intracellular Ca

Front 12

Genration of an Action potential across the sarcolemma

Back 12

End plate potential-change in membrane

Depolarization-ignites action potential through membrane-->opens voltage-gated-->Na enters

Repolarization- restore initial state-->K exits

Front 13

Functional groups of skeletal muscles

Back 13

Prime mover (agonist)- initiation
Antagonist- opposes or reverse
Synergist- helps prime mover
Fixator-stability

Front 14

Arrangements of Fascicles

Back 14

Circular
convergent (e.g., pectoralis major)
Parallel (e.g., sartorius)
Fusiform (e.g. Biceps brachii)
Pennate (e.g.,rectus femoris); 3 forms

Determines muscles range of motion and power

Front 15

Basic principle of levers

Back 15

Effort farther Load from Fulcrum= advantage
Effort nearer then Load to Fulcrum= disadvantage

Front 16

First class lever

Back 16

Fulcrum between load and effort (e.g., Seesaw, scissors..)
L F E

Front 17

Second class lever

Back 17

Load between Fulcrum and Effort (e.g., standing on toes)
F L E

Front 18

Third class lever

Back 18

Effort between Fulcrum and Load (e,g.,tweezers, bicep flexion)- speed/power levers... L E F

Front 19

How much force does it take to move an object with a lever? (formula) SOLVE?
weights = 30kg
LA= ?
EA= ?

Back 19

Effort= Load x Load Arm / Effort Arm

Measure: LA= F to L in cm; EA= F to E in cm
30x10cm(LA) / 15cm(EA) =20 (E)