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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
constructivist theories of learning
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says that learners must individually discover & tansform complex information checking new information against old rules & revising rules when they no longer work.
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cognitive apprenticeship
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process by which a learner gradually acquires expertise through interaction with an expert, either an adult or an older or more advanced peer.
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discovery learning
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a constuctivist approach to teaching in which students are encouraged to discover principles for themselves.
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self-regulated learners
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students who have knowledge of effective learning strategies & how & when to use them.
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mediated learning
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assisted learning; an approach in which the teacher guides instruction by means of scaffolding to help students master & internalize the skills that permit higher congitive functioning.
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cooperative learning
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instructional approaches in which students work in small mixed- ability groups
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Student Teams-Achievment Divisions (STAD)
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a cooperative learning method for mixed-ability groupings involving team recognition & group responsibility for individual learning.
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problem solving
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the application of knowledge & skills to achieve certain goals.
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means-ends analysis
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a problem-solving technique that encourages identifying the goal (ends) to be attained, the current situation what needs to be done (means) to reduce the difference btwn. the two conditions.
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instumental enrichment
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a thinking skills program in which students work thru a series of paper-and-pencil excercises that are designed to develop various intellectual abilities.
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critical thinking
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the ability to make rational decisions about what to do or what to believe
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What is the constuctivist view of learning?
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knowing is a process & learners must individually & actively discover & transform complex information to make it their own. Constuctivist approaches emphasize top-down processing, in which studens begin with complex problems or tasks & discover the basic knowledge & skills needed to solve the problems or perform the tasks. Constuctivist appraches also emphasize cooperative learning, question or inquiry strategies & other metacognitive skills.
Discovery learning & scaffolding are constuctivist leaning methods based on cognitive learning theories. Bruner's discovery learning highlights sudents' active self-learning, curiosity & creative problem solving. Scaffolding, based on Vygotsky's views, calls for teacher assistance to students at critical points in their learning. |
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How is cooperative learning used in instruction?
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small groups of students work together to help one another learn. Cooperative learning groups are used in discovery learning, discussion & study for assessment. Cooperative learning programs such as Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) are successful because they reward both group & individual effort & improvment & because groups are responsible for the individual learning of each group member.
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How are problem-solving & thinking skills taught?
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through a series of steps, including, for example, means-ends analysis & problem representation. Creative problem solving requires incubation time, suspension of judgment, conducive climates, problem analysis, application of thinking skills & feedback. Thinking skills include, for example, planning, classifying, divergent thnking, identifying assumptions, identifying misleading information & generating questions. Thinking skills can be taught thru programs such as Instumental Enrichment; creating a culture of thinking in the classroom is another useful technique.
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reciprocal teaching
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a small-group teaching method based on principles of question generation; thru instruction & modeling, teachers foste metacognitive skills primarily to improve the reading performance of students who have poor comprehension
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Cooperative Integrated Reading & Composition (CIRC)
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a comprehensive program for teaching reading & writing in the upper elementary grades; students work in four-member cooperative learning teams.
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Jigsaw
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a cooperative learning model in which students are assigned to six-member teams to work on academic material that has been broken down into sections for each member.
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Learning Together
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a cooperative learning model in which students in four-or-five-member heterogeneous groups work together on assignments.
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Group Investigation
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a cooperative learning model in which students work in small groups using cooperative inquiry, group discussion & cooperative planning & projects & then make presentations to the whole class on their findings.
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cooperative scripting
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a study method in which students work in pairs & take turns orally summarizing sections of material to be learned.
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