Chapter 8 Pathophysiology

Front 1

Acid Base Balance

Back 1

Delicate blance between the bodies acidity and alkalinity

Front 2

Active Transport

Back 2

A process used to move substances against the concentration gradient or toward the side that has a higher concentration. Requires energy by the cell but is faster than diffusion.

Front 3

Aldosterone

Back 3

A hormone responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and water from the kidney tubules.

Front 4

Anion

Back 4

A negativeley charged ion

Front 5

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Back 5

A hormone released in response to LOSS OF BODY WATER . Prevents loss of water through the urinary tract by promoting the reabsorption of water into the blood.

Front 6

Anucleated

Back 6

Cells of the body that do not have a central nucleus such as those in cardiac muscle

Front 7

Atrophy

Back 7

Decrease in cell size that negativeley affects function

Front 8

Buffer Systems

Back 8

Compensatory mechanisms that act together to control Ph.

Front 9

Capsid

Back 9

Layer of protein enveloping the genome of a virion. Composed of structural units call the capsomeres.

Front 10

Capsule

Back 10

A membranous shell surounding certain microorganisms.

Front 11

Catabolism

Back 11

Process of breaking down complex substances into more simple ones

Front 12

Cation

Back 12

A positiveley charged ion

Front 13

Cellular Swelling

Back 13

Swelling of cellular tissues usually from injury

Front 14

Chromatin

Back 14

Matieral with a cell nucleus from which the chromosomes are formed.

Front 15

Cytosol

Back 15

Liquid medium of the cytoplasm

Front 16

Dehydration

Back 16

A state in which the body has an excessive water loss from the tissue.

Front 17

DNA

Back 17

Genetic material passed on to the cell from the parent cell.

Front 18

Diapedesis

Back 18

Migration of phagocytes through the endothelial wall of the casculature into surrounding tissue.

Front 19

Differentiation

Back 19

Process by which the cell becomes specialized for a specific purpose.

Front 20

Diffusion

Back 20

Spreading out of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower cocentration.

Front 21

Dysplasia

Back 21

Abnormal cell growth. Size shape and organization from on going irritation or inflammation.

Front 22

Edema

Back 22

A collection of water in the interstitial space.

Front 23

Endogenous

Back 23

Something that is produced within the organism.

Front 24

Endotoxin

Back 24

A substance contained in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. Released during the destruction of the bacteria .

Front 25

Extra Cellular Fluid

Back 25

The fluid found outside the cells

Front 26

Faciiliated Diffusion

Back 26

Movement of substances across a membrane by binding to a helper protein integrated into the cell wall.

Front 27

Gangrenous necrosis

Back 27

Tissue death over a large area.

Front 28

Gene

Back 28

The Biologic unit of inheritance.

Front 29

Glycosis

Back 29

Process of by which glucose and other sugars are broken down.

Front 30

Gram Negative Bacteria

Back 30

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violent stain

Front 31

Gram Positive Bacteria

Back 31

Bacteria that retain the violet stain used in the GRAM STAIN

Front 32

Homeostasis

Back 32

Balance. A stable enviorment in the human body

Front 33

Hormones

Back 33

Broad reaching chemical mediators relased in one part of the body but with an effect in another part of the body.

Front 34

Hydration

Back 34

Process of taking fluids in

Front 35

Hydrophilic

Back 35

Attracts Water Molecules

Front 36

HyDROPHOBIC

Back 36

Repels Water Molecules

Front 37

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 37

Pressure exerted by a fluid from its weight.

Front 38

Hypercalcemia

Back 38

A state in which the body has high levels of calcium

Front 39

Hyperkalemia

Back 39

A state in which the body has an abnormally elevated potassium level

Front 40

Hypermagnesemia

Back 40

A state in which the body has high levels of magnesium

Front 41

Hyperplasia

Back 41

Abnormal cell division that increases the number of a specific type of cell.

Front 42

Hypertonic

Back 42

In a membrane, the side with the higher concentration in an imbalance in the ionic concentration from one side to another.

Front 43

Hypertrophy

Back 43

Enlargement or increase in the cell or tissue.

Front 44

Hypocalcemia

Back 44

Low level of calcium in the body

Front 45

Hypokalemia

Back 45

Low levels of potassium in the body

Front 46

Hypomagnesemia

Back 46

A stae in which the body low magnesium levels

Front 47

Hypotonic

Back 47

In a membrane the side with the lower concentraion when an imbalance exists in a ionic concentration.

Front 48

Incidence rate

Back 48

The rate of contraction of a disease versus how many are currently sick with the disease.

Front 49

Intercalated discs

Back 49

The cell to cell connection with gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells.

Front 50

Interstitial Compartment

Back 50

Area consisting of fluid out side cells and outside the circulatory system.

Front 51

Intracellular fluid

Back 51

fluid found inside the cells

Front 52

Intravascular Compartment

Back 52

area consisting of fluid outside cells but inside the circulatory system.

Front 53

Isotonic

Back 53

A balance in the ionic concentration from one side of the membrane to the other

Front 54

Lipid Accumulation

Back 54

Accumulation of lipids in cells usually as a result of the failure or inadequate performance of the enzymes that metabolizes fats

Front 55

Lymphedema

Back 55

Edema that follows when lymphatic pathways are blocked and fluid accumulates in the interstitial space.

Front 56

Margination

Back 56

Process of phagocytes adhering capilary and venule walls in the early stages of inflammation.

Front 57

Metabolism

Back 57

Sum of all physical and chemical changes that occur within an orgasnism.

Front 58

Metaplasia

Back 58

The transformation of one type of mature differentiated cell into another type of matire cell.

Front 59

Mitosis

Back 59

The process of cell division

Front 60

Mortality Rate

Back 60

The Number given of patients who have died from a disease in a given period.

Front 61

Mutate

Back 61

To change in an unusual way

Front 62

Mycoses

Back 62

Disease caused by a fungi

Front 63

Natural Killer Cells

Back 63

Specialized lymphocytes capable of killing infected or malignant cells

Front 64

NEuroglia

Back 64

Support cells that do not tramsit nerve impulses but are critical to proper function.

Front 65

Neuron

Back 65

A highly specialize cell responsible for converting stimuli into nerve impulses that move through the body.

Front 66

Normal Flora

Back 66

Non threatning bacteria found naturall in the human body that in some cases are nessasry for normal function

Front 67

Nuclear Envelope

Back 67

The other boundary between the nucleus and the rest of the cell to the endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis.

Front 68

Oncotic pressure

Back 68

The net effect of opposing osmotic pressures in the capilary beds.

Front 69

Organ

Back 69

A grouping of similary functioning tissues that work together to acomplish a certain functions. eg. the heart

Front 70

organelles

Back 70

Structures within cells that perform specialed functions

Front 71

Organism

Back 71

An entity composed of cells and capable of carrying on life functions

Front 72

Organ Systems

Back 72

The coordination of several organs working together.

Front 73

Osmolarity

Back 73

The number or concentration of solutes per liter of water

Front 74

Osmotic gradient

Back 74

the difference in the concentration from one side of a membrane to the other in the presence of an imblance in the ionic concentration.

Front 75

Osmotic Pressure

Back 75

The pressure exerted by the concentration of the solutes in a given space

Front 76

Phagocytes

Back 76

cells that are part of the body's immune system that play a predominant role in the destruction of invading microorganisms.

Front 77

Phospholipid Bilayer

Back 77

A double layer composed of THREE types of lipid molecules that comprise the plasma membrane.

Front 78

Plasma Membrane

Back 78

Outer surface of the cell

Front 79

Prevalence rate

Back 79

the fraction of the population that currently ha a certain disease

Front 80

Prokaryotes

Back 80

One of the kingdoms of cells. Simpler in structure and found in lower life forms such as bacteria.

Front 81

Pyrogenics

Back 81

Substances such as endotoxins that stimulate the body to produce a fever.

Front 82

Resistance

Back 82

THe ability of the body to defend itself against disease causing microorganisms.

Front 83

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Back 83

Genetic material responsible for ribosome production

Front 84

Saponification

Back 84

A form of necrosis in which fatty acids combine with certain electrolytes to form soaps.

Front 85

Septicemia

Back 85

a serious medical condition judghed by vasodilation that leads to hypo tension, tissue hypoxia, and eventually shock. Cuased by gram negative bacteria.

Front 86

Stem Cells

Back 86

Formative cells whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types.

Front 87

Stimuli

Back 87

Anything that excites or incites an organism part to function become active or respond

Front 88

Susceptibility

Back 88

Vulnerability or weakness.

Front 89

Thirst Mechanism

Back 89

Sensation activated by cells in the hypothalamus .

Front 90

Tisue

Back 90

A group of cells that are similar in structure and function

Front 91

Transcellular compartment

Back 91

Compartment classified as extracellular but distinct becasue it is formed from the transport activites of cells.

Front 92

Virons

Back 92

Small particles of viruses

Front 93

Virulence

Back 93

A term to describe the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent.