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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the five basic taste types.
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Saltiness, Sourness, sweetness, bitterness, and Umami (parmesan, soy sauce, MSG - associated with glutamate)
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What is the name for the axons that lead from taste bud cells?
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Gustatory afferent axons
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What is the name for the complete loss of taste?
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Ageusia
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What is the name for the distortion of taste?
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Dysgeusia
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What is the name for a partial loss of taste?
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Hypogeusia
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What is the path of taste transmission from taste buds?
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Taste buds, primary gustatory axons, brain stem (the medulla), thalamus, the gustatory cortex at the base of the parietal lobe in the cerebral cortex
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What is the specific part of the thalamus through which much sensory information passes?
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The Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus (VPM)
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Explain population coding.
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Population coding is the production of differentiation between a number of smells or tastes greater than the number of olfactory or taste receptors by sensing the combination of receptor activation.
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What are papillae?
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Papillae are the bumps on one's tongue, which contain from one to hundreds of taste buds, each of which in turn contains from 50-150 taste receptor cells.
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What is the ion and corresponding ion channel for detecting sourness?
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H+, via Na+ channels.
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What are the two groupings of taste receptors that follow the same pathway?
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1) Bitter, sweet, and umami
2) Salt, sour |
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In what part of the taste pathway does population coding occur?
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It occurs in the Primary gustatory cortex.
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Do the olfactory sensory neurons have multiple receptor types, like taste neurons?
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No. They have one receptor type per neuron.
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Where on the tongue are the regions of higher concentration of receptors for each of the main tastes?
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Saltiness: side of tongue, sourness: side of tongue, sweetness: tip, bitterness: back, umami: wide distribution
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What things other than activation of the main taste receptors contribute to an overall taste?
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Smell, temperature, false coolness (mint), spiciness, texture, fat, and tingly numbness (from certain peppers and the ever-popular tetrodotoxin of puffer fish!)
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Which of the following do not taste sucrose: rats, humans, or cats?
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Cats
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What are bitter taste receptors called?
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T2Rs
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What are the sweet receptors called?
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Groupings of one T1R2 and one T1R3
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What are the Umami receptors called?
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Groupings of one T1R1 and one T1R3.
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In taste transduction, what turns PIP2 into IP3, and what does IP3 do in the cell?
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Phospholipase C.
IP3 causes the release of Ca++ and stimulates release of neurotransmitter onto the gustatory afferent axons. |
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Which sense has the largest gene family in vertebrates?
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Smell
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When an odorant binds to an odorant receptor protein, a g-receptor protein, ___, activates adenylyl cyclase. From there, ___ directly opens ion channel to allow the entry of ___ and Ca++. Ca++ activates the opening of ___ channels. ___ exits the cell, producing a depolarization and the generation of an action potenial.
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When an odorant binds to an odorant receptor protein, a g-receptor protein, Golf, activates adenylyl cyclase. From there, cAMP directly opens ion channel to allow the entry of Na+ and Ca++. Ca++ activates the opening of Cl- channels. Cl- exits the cell, producing a depolarization and the generation of an action potenial.
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Where do the axons of cells relaying the same scent information converge? What do these areas connect?
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The axons converge in the glomeruli (singular = glomerulus) of the olfactory bulb. Each glomerulus connects the primary olfactory neuron with the secondary neuron.
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Is it more common for olfactory signals to travel through the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the neocortex or to bypass the thalamus and going directly to the olfactory cortex.
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To travel through the thalamus is more common.
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Is it more common for olfactory signals to travel through the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the neocortex or to bypass the thalamus and going directly to the olfactory cortex.
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To travel through the thalamus is more common.
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