Chapter 8 Metabolism

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

Is the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

Hint 1

Emergent property of life

Front 2

Metabolic pathways

Back 2

Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

Front 3

Catabolic pathways

Back 3

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Hint 3

Cellular respiration, breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

Front 4

Anabolic pathways

Back 4

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Front 5

Bioenergetics

Back 5

Is the study of how energy flows through living organisms

Front 6

Energy

Back 6

Is the capacity to cause change

Front 7

Kinetic energy

Back 7

Is energy associated with motion

Front 8

Thermal energy

Back 8

Is the kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms and molecules.

Hint 8

Heat is thermal energy in transfer between objects

Front 9

Potential energy

Back 9

Is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Front 10

Chemical energy

Back 10

Is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Front 11

Thermodynamics

Back 11

Is the study of energy transformations

Front 12

Isolated system

Back 12

Is unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings

Front 13

Open system

Back 13

Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

Hint 13

Organisms are open systems

Front 14

First law of thermodynamics

Back 14

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Hint 14

Principle of conservation of energy

Front 15

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 15

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost at heat

Hint 15

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Front 16

Entropy

Back 16

Is a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness

Front 17

Spontaneous process

Back 17

Occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly

Hint 17

Must increase the entropy of the universe

Front 18

Free energy

Back 18

Is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

Hint 18

Measure of a systems instability

Front 19

Enthalpy

Back 19

Change in total energy (^H) heat released or absorbed during a reaction

Front 20

Entropy (^S)

Back 20

Degree of disorder

Front 21

^G < 0

Back 21

The reactant goes to product. Reaction is spontaneous

Front 22

^G > 0

Back 22

Reaction will not go to the product. Additional energy is required for reaction to proceed

Front 23

^G = 0

Back 23

Reaction is at equilibrium. Half of the reactants will go to product.

Front 24

Equilibrium

Back 24

Is a state of maximum stability

Front 25

During a spontaneous change ..

Back 25

Free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

Front 26

Exergonic reaction

Back 26

Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

Hint 26

(-^G): Catabolism

Front 27

Endergonic reaction

Back 27

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous

Hint 27

(+^G): Anabolism

Front 28

Cells are not _____, they are _____

Back 28

Equilibrium, open systems

Front 29

Chemical work of a cell

Back 29

Pushing endergonic reactions

Front 30

Transport work of a cell

Back 30

Pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement

Front 31

Mechanical work of a cell

Back 31

Such as contraction of muscle cells

Front 32

Energy coupling

Back 32

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

Hint 32

Cells manage resources by ______.

Front 33

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 33

Cells energy shuttle which is composed of ribose (sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

Hint 33

Can be broken by hydrolysis

Front 34

Coupled reactions are _____.

Back 34

Exergonic

Front 35

ATP drives endergonic reactions by _______, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as reaction.

Back 35

Phosphorylation

Front 36

Phosphorylated intermediate

Back 36

The recipient molecule

Front 37

ATP hydrolysis leads to a change in _______ and _______.

Back 37

Protein shape and binding ability

Front 38

The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from _________ in the cell.

Back 38

Catabolic reactions (exergonic breakdown reactions)

Front 39

The active site can lower an Ea barrier by which four things?

Back 39

-orienting substrates correctly

-straining substrate bonds

-providing a favorable micro environment

-covalently bonding to the substrate

Front 40

The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be sped up by _____________.

Back 40

Increasing substrate concentration

Front 41

If the enzyme is saturated, the reaction rate can only sped up by _________.

Back 41

Adding more enzyme

Front 42

An enzymes activity can be affected by which two things ?

Back 42

-temperature and pH

-chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme

Front 43

The ATP cycle is the shuttling of ______ and ______. It couples the cells exergonic processes to endergonic processes.

Back 43

Inorganic phosphate and energy

Front 44

Catalyst

Back 44

Is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Front 45

Enzyme

Back 45

Is a catalytic protein

Front 46

Activation energy

Back 46

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Front 47

In catalysis, enzymes or other catalysts speed up specific reactions by _________ without being consumed.

Back 47

Lowering the Ea barrier

Front 48

Substrate

Back 48

The reactant that an enzyme acts in

Front 49

The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an _________.

Back 49

Enzyme-substrate complex

Front 50

Active site

Back 50

Is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Front 51

A ________ of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction.

Back 51

Induced fit

Front 52

Optimal temperature for typical human enzyme is ___.

Back 52

37c

Front 53

Optimal temperature for enzyme of thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria is ____.

Back 53

75c

Front 54

Cofactors

Back 54

Are non protein enzyme helpers

Hint 54

Inorganic (metal in ionic form)

Front 55

An organic cofactor is called a ______.

Back 55

Coenzyme

Hint 55

Include vitamins

Front 56

Inhibitors attach to enzymes by what type of bonds?

Back 56

Covalent bonds

Front 57

Competitive inhibitors

Back 57

Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

Front 58

Non competitive inhibitors

Back 58

Bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective.

Front 59

A cell regulates metabolic pathways by ________ that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes.

Back 59

Switching on or off genes

Front 60

Allosteric regulation

Back 60

May either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

Hint 60

Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site.

Front 61

Cooperativity

Back 61

Is a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

Hint 61

Complex contains inactive and active forms

Front 62

Feedback inhibition

Back 62

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. Prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product

Front 63

Most allosterically regulated enzymes are made from ________.

Back 63

Polypeptide subunits

Front 64

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.

Back 64

Potential

Front 65

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?

Back 65

Cellular respiration

Front 66

What are the by products of cellular respiration?

Back 66

Heat, carbon dioxide, and water

Front 67

In exergonic reactions the products have _________ energy than the reactants.

Back 67

Less Potential energy

Front 68

The products of endergonic reactions have _______ energy than the reactants.

Back 68

More potential energy

Front 69

ADP + P —> ATP is an _____ reaction.

Back 69

Endergonic

Front 70

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from an ______ reaction.

Back 70

Exergonic

Front 71

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?

Back 71

It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction

Front 72

Bioluminescence

Back 72

Convert energy to light

Front 73

Usually an ______ forms a covalent bind with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity

Back 73

Irreversible