Chapter 8 Marine Biology

Front 1

covalent bond

Back 1

bond formed by atoms sharing electrons

Front 2

polarity

Back 2

characteristic of having postive and negative poles

Front 3

cohesion

Back 3

water molecules sticking together due to hydrogen bonding

Front 4

hydrogen bond

Back 4

bond between water molecules caused by attraction of positive hydrogen end of one molecule to the negative oxygen of another

Front 5

surface tension

Back 5

water resistance to being penetrated by something trying to break through the surface

Front 6

viscosity

Back 6

tendency for fluid to resist flow

Front 7

atom

Back 7

smallest particle of an element that can combine with similiar particles of other elements to produce compounds

Front 8

nucleus

Back 8

central, positively charged part of an atom; contaning protons and nuetrons

Front 9

protons

Back 9

positively charged subatomic particle

Front 10

electrons

Back 10

negatively charged particle

Front 11

ion

Back 11

an atom that becomes electrically charged by gaining or losing one or more electrons. The loss of electrons produce a positively charged cation, and the gain of electrons produces a negatively charged anion.

Front 12

molecule

Back 12

smallest particle of an elemtent of compound that, in free state, retains the characterisitsf of the substance

Front 13

covalent bond

Back 13

sharing electrons

Front 14

dipolar

Back 14

having two poles

Front 15

cohesion

Back 15

attractive force between same substances

Front 16

surface tension

Back 16

tendancy of the surface of a liquid to contract owing to intermolecular bond attractino

Front 17

capillarity

Back 17

The process by which a fluid (such as water) is drawn up into smaller interstices or tubes as a result of surface tension.

Front 18

electrostatic attraction

Back 18

a force caused by electric electrons at rest

Front 19

ionic bonding

Back 19

a chemical bond resulting from the electrical attraction that exists between cations and anions

Front 20

hydration

Back 20

being surrounded by water molecules

Front 21

pole

Back 21

pole

Front 22

co

Back 22

with

Front 23

electro

Back 23

electricity

Front 24

hydra

Back 24

water

Front 25

stasis

Back 25

standing

Front 26

tomos

Back 26

cut

Front 27

a

Back 27

not

Front 28

capillaris

Back 28

hair

Front 29

ienai

Back 29

to cling together

Front 30

nucleos

Back 30

a little nut

Front 31

mkolecula

Back 31

a mass

Front 32

protons

Back 32

first

Front 33

ity

Back 33

having the quality

Front 34

di

Back 34

two

Front 35

ation

Back 35

action or process

Front 36

valere

Back 36

to be strong

Front 37

coheasus

Back 37

to cling together

Front 38

neutr

Back 38

neutral

Front 39

sea

Back 39

smallest part of an ocean, where two continents lie close together

Front 40

latitude

Back 40

Geographic measurements lines (measured in degrees north or south) that run parallel to the equator

Front 41

longtitude

Back 41

geographic measurement lines (measured in degrees east or west) that run from north pole to south pole

Front 42

conservative constituents

Back 42

dissolved inorganic salts in seawater that do not change proportion over time

Front 43

argo float

Back 43

a global array of 3,000 free-drifting profiling floats that measures the temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the ocean

Front 44

CTD sensor

Back 44

conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor; a

Front 45

dissociation

Back 45

seperation of a molecule into atoms

Front 46

brackish water

Back 46

water with a salinity of 0.6 to30‰

low salinity

Front 47

brine

Back 47

water saturated with dissolved with salts

Front 48

buffer

Back 48

substance that lessons the tendancy for a solution to become to basic or acid

Front 49

chemical equilibrium

Back 49

the state in which processes add and remove solutes from a solution at the same rate

Front 50

dissolved salts

Back 50

the sodium chloride and other dissolved inorganic solids in seawater

dissolved salts

Front 51

electrolyte

Back 51

conduct an electric current

Front 52

table or rock salt, which is sodium chloride

Back 52

halite

Front 53

halocline

Back 53

abrupt change in salinity latitude wise

Front 54

hetergeneous mixture

Back 54

a mixture that is not uniform, consisting of visibly different substances

Front 55

homogeneous mixture

Back 55

a mixture that has a uniform appearance throughout, such as a solution

Front 56

colliod

Back 56

a homogeneous mixture such as fog or smoke consisting of very small particles that are larger than atoms and molecules

Front 57

colligative properties

Back 57

the properties of a liquid that may be altered by the presence of a solute

Front 58

ion

Back 58

charged particle

Front 59

osmosis

Back 59

diffusion through a semipermeable membrane such as a cell wall

Front 60

ionic bonds

Back 60

electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or group of atoms

Front 61

osmotic pressure

Back 61

the pressure differential caused when a substance exists in differing concentrations on two sides of a semipermeable membrane

Front 62

in situ

Back 62

location rather than in the laboratory or an artificical condition

Front 63

pH

Back 63

a scale that represents the balance between the positive hydrogen ions (H+) and the negative hydroxide ions (OH-) in a liquid, there by measuring the acidity or alkalinity, with 7 being neutral, lower numbers acidic and higher numbers alkaline

Front 64

mixture

Back 64

combination of substances not proportional to each other

Front 65

principle of constant proportions

Back 65

principle that the proportions of dissolved elements in seawater are constant

Front 66

pynocline

Back 66

a thermocline and halocline together creating a boundary between layers of differing water density

Front 67

non ionic

Back 67

a solution in which solute particles remain intat and do not separate into ions

Front 68

refractometer

Back 68

optimal instrument that determines salinity based on light refraction through a seawater sample

Front 69

salinity

Back 69

total quantity or concentration of all dissolved inorganic solids

Front 70

salinometer

Back 70

electronic instrument that determines salinity based on the conductivity of seawater

Front 71

semipermeable membrane

Back 71

membrane that allow some substances to pass through but not others

Front 72

solute

Back 72

part of a solution that is less abundant

Front 73

solution

Back 73

molecules of a solute are evenly dispersed amid the molecules of a solvent

Front 74

solvent

Back 74

most abundant in a solution; usually a liquid

Front 75

suspension

Back 75

heterogeneous mixture with solid particles that tend to settle

Front 76

thermistor

Back 76

a semiconductor that has current flow resistance that varies predictably with temperature

Front 77

halo

Back 77

salt

Front 78

clinare

Back 78

slope

Front 79

therm

Back 79

heat/temperature

Front 80

potenz

Back 80

power

Front 81

osmos

Back 81

thrust

Front 82

ish

Back 82

somewhat

Front 83

salinus

Back 83

salt

Front 84

thyroid

Back 84

the thyroid gland

Front 85

iso

Back 85

same

Front 86

hydro

Back 86

water

Front 87

gutter

Back 87

throat

Front 88

osmos

Back 88

to push

Front 89

hyper

Back 89

excessive

Front 90

logus

Back 90

study of

Front 91

pycno

Back 91

study of

Front 92

brak

Back 92

salt

Front 93

meter

Back 93

measure

Front 94

parts per thousand

Back 94

a unit of measurement used in reporting salinity of water equal to the grams of dissolved substances in 1000 grams of seawater.

Front 95

hypersaline

Back 95

pertaining to marine water with salinity significantly higher than normal marine salinity.

Front 96

amount of chloride ion and ions of other halogens in ocean water expressed in parts per thousand by weight

Back 96

chlorinity

Front 97

acid

Back 97

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Front 98

alkaline

Back 98

A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution. Also called basic

Front 99

neutral

Back 99

neither excess of hydrogen or dydroxide ion

Front 100

hydrologic cycle

Back 100

the cycle of water exchange among the atmosphere, land, and ocean through the processes of evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and subsurface percolation. Also called the water cycle.

Front 101

halocline

Back 101

layer which has a high rate of salinity change in vertical dimension

Front 102

thermocline

Back 102

layers of water have rapid changes in temperature

Front 103

mixed surface layer

Back 103

the surface layer of the ocean water mixed by wave and ice motions to produce relatively isothermal and isohaline conditions.

Front 104

upper water

Back 104

includes mixed layer of the permanent thermocline

Front 105

of the same temperature

Back 105

isothermal

Front 106

isopycnal

Back 106

of the same density

Front 107

Dentrification

Back 107

release of free nitrogen into the atmosphere from breakdown of nitrogen compounds

Front 108

biogeochemical cyle

Back 108

process of which elements are continuously moving to and from organisms

Front 109

nutrients

Back 109

required for life

Front 110

micronutrients

Back 110

essential substances that organisms use in very small amount

Front 111

nitrification

Back 111

microrganisms convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites

Front 112

nonconservative constituents

Back 112

dissolved substances in seawater that change over time and vary in proportion due to biological and geological activity

Front 113

silica

Back 113

common name for silicon dioxide

Front 114

conservative constituents

Back 114

a constituent of seawater, the concentration of which is changed only by mixing and diffusion. All the major constituents of seawater salinity are conservative constituents that have very long residence times.