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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two functions of joints? |
to give the skeleton mobility to hold the skeleton together |
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A classification based on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present |
structural classification |
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What are the three strucural classifications? |
fibrous cartilaginous synovial |
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A classification based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint |
functional classification |
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What are the three functional classifications? |
synarthroses - immovable amphiarthroses - slightly movable diarthroses - freely movable |
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Fibrous structural joints are joined by ________ (tissue type). There ______ (is/is no) joint cavity. They are ________ (movable/slightly movable/immovable). |
fibrous tissue is no immovable |
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What are the three types of fibrous structural joints? |
sutures syndesmoses gomphoses |
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Sutures are found in the ________. They are comprimised of interlocking junctions completely filled with __________ (tissue type). These tissues bind the bones ______ together, but allow for ___________. In middle age, skull bones _______ and are called ____________. |
bones of the skull dense fibrous connective tissue tightly growth during youth fuse synostoses |
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Syndesmoses are connected by a _____________. Movement varies from _________ to ________. This joint is found between the ____________. |
fibrous tissue ligament immovable slightly movable tibia and fibula, radius and ulna |
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Gomphoses are fibrous joints between a _______ and an _______. It is connected by a _______________. |
tooth alveolar socket periodontal ligament |
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The articulating bones of cartilagenous joints are united by ______. They lack a _______. |
cartilage joint cavity |
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What are the two types of cartilagenous joints? |
synchondroses symphyses |
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A joint in which a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. |
synchondroses joint |
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All synchondroses joints are ________. They can be found in _______________. |
synathrotic epiphyseal plates of children, between costal cartilage of first rib and sternum |
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A joint in which hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage |
symphyses |
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Amphiathropic joints are designed for _____ and ______. |
strength flexibility |
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Two examples of symphyses joints are _______ and ________. |
intervertebral joints pubic symphysis |
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Joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity |
synovial joints |
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All synovial joints are freely movable _______. Examples include _______. |
diarthroses all limb joints |
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All synovial joints have which 5 things? |
articular cartilage joint (synovial) cavity articular capsule synovial fluid reinforcing ligament |
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What are two friction-reducing structures found in synovial joints? |
bursae tendon sheath |
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Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid |
bursae |
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Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon |
tendon sheath |
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They stability of synovial joints is determined by ________ and ________. |
articular surface - shape determines what movements are possible ligaments - certain ligaments prevent excessive or undesirable motion |
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Muscle tone is accomplished by _________ and __________. |
muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors tendons that keep tight at all times |
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Range of motion that allows for slipping movements only. |
nonaxial |
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Range of motion that allows for movement in one plane. |
uniaxial |
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Range of motion that allows for movement in two planes. |
biaxial |
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Range of motion that allows for movement in or around all three planes. |
multiaxial |
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When one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface |
gliding movements |
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An example of a lgiding movement is ___________. |
intercarpal/intertarsal joints, articular processes of the bones |
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A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint |
flexion |
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A bending movment that increases the angle of the joint |
extension |
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Up movement of the foot |
dorsiflexion |
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Down movement of the foot |
plantarflexion |
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Movement away from the midline |
abduction |
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Movement towards the midline |
adduction |
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Movement that is circular; like a cone in space |
circumduction |
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The turning of a bone around its own long axis |
rotation |
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Where are two examples of rotation? |
between the first two vertebrae, hip and shoulder joints |
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Joints in which articular surfaces are essentially flat |
plane joints |
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Plane joints allow only for _____ or _____ movements. |
sliping gliding |
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Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another |
hinge joints |
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A hinge joint is _____. It permits ______ and ______ only. An example of a hinge joint is ________. |
uniaxial flexion extension elbow, interphalangeal joints |
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A joint in which the rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "sleeve" or ring composed of bone of another |
pivot joint |
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Pivot joints are _____. Examples of pivot joints include _______ and _______. |
uniaxial axis/dens, proximal radioulnar joint |
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A joint in which an oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression of another |
condyloid/ellipsoidal joint |
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In a condyloid joint, both articular surfaces are ______. They are ______ joints and permit all angluar motions. Examples include ______ and _____. |
oval biaxial radiocarpal, metacarpophlangeal |
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A joint similar to the condyloid joint but allows for more movement. |
saddle joint |
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In a saddle joint, each articular surface has both a ______ and a ______ surface. An example includes the ________. |
concave convex carpometacarpal joint of the thumb |
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A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cup-like socket of another |
ball-and-socket joint |
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Ball-in-socket joints are _____. Examples include the _____ and _____ joints. |
multiaxial hip shoulder |
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The _______ in the _____ is the largest and most complex joint of the body. It allows for _____, _____, and some ______. It is three joints in one surrounded by a single __________. These joints include ______, ______, and ______. |
synovial joint knee flexion extension rotaton joint cavity femoropatellar joint lateral tibiofemoral joint medial tibiofemoral joint |
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What are the supporting structures of the anterior knee (8)? |
tendon of the quadriceps femoris msucle lateral and medial patellar retinacula fibular and tibial collateral ligaments patellar ligament anterio cruciate ligament posterior cruciate ligament medial meniscus lateral meniscus |
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What are the supporting structures of the posterior knee (5)? |
adductor magnus tendon articular capsule oblique popliteal ligament arcuate popliteal ligament semimembranosus tendon |
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A ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain a greater freedom of movement |
glenohumeral joint |
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What are the supporting ligaments of the elbow? |
annular ligament ulnar collateral ligament radial collateral ligament |
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The weak stability in the shoulder joint is maintained by what 4 things? |
-thin, loose, joint capsule -four ligaments - 1 coracohumeral, 3 glenohumeral -tendon of the long head of the biceps -rotator cuff (four tendons) that blend in with the articular capsule |
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A joint that has a good range of motion but is inhibited by the deep socket and strong ligaments |
coxal joint (hip joint) |
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What 5 things contribute to the stability of the hip? |
acetabular labrum iliofemoral ligament pubofemoral ligament ischiofemoral ligament ligamentum teres |
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A joint where the mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone |
temporomandibular joint |
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What are the two types of movement of the TMJ? |
hinge - depression and elevation side-to-side - (lateral excusion) grinding of teeth |
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When the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn |
sprain |
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Partially torn ligaments ___________ (treatment). Completely torn ligaments ________ (treatment). |
slowly repair themselves require prompt surgical repair |
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A common aerobics injury that is known as a snap and pop |
cartilage injury |
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Cartilage injury can be repaired with ______. |
arthroscopic surgery |
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_______ occur when bones are forced out of alignment. They are usually accompanied by ______, _____, and ______. Common causes are ______ and _____. |
dislocations sprains inflammation joint immobilization serious falls sports injuries |
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Partial dislocation of a joint |
subluxation |
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_______ is an inflammation of a bursa. It is usually caused by a ____ or _____. Symptoms include _____ and ____. It is treated with _______ and ______. |
bursitis blow friction swelling pain anti-inflammatory drugs joint aspiration |
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______ is an inflammation of the tendon sheaths and is typically caused by ______. Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis. |
tendonitis overuse |
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_____ is inflammation of the joint. Symptoms include ____, ____, and ____ of a joint. Acute forms are caused by _____ and treated with _____. |
arthritis pain stiffness swelling bacteria antibiotics |
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Chronic forms of arthritis include __________, ___________ arthritis, and ______ arthritis. |
osteoarthritis rheumatoid gouty |
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The most common chronic arhtritis; often called the wear-and-tear arthritis; reflects years of abrasion and compression |
osteoarthritis |
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Osteoarthritis affects more _____ than ____. Its more prevalent in the _____. It is caused by the production of ________ that break down cartilage. Joints that are most affected include _______. |
women men elderly metalloproteinase enzymes cervical/lumbar spine, fingers/knuckles, knees, hips |
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What is used to treat osteoarthritis? |
mild pain relievers magnetic therapy glucosamine sulfate (decreases pain and inflammation) |
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Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset |
rheumatoid arthritis |
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Rheumatoid arthritis usually occurs between the ages of ___ and ___. Symptoms includes _______, ______, ____, ______, and ______. |
40 50 joint tenderness anemia osteoporosis muscle atrophy cardiovascular problems |
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RA RA begins with _____. ________ are inappropriately relased. Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint and cause _____. Inflammed membrane thickens into a _____ that errodes cartilage. Scar tissue forms and articulating bones connect. The end results is _____. |
synovitis inflammatory signals swelling pannus ankylosis |
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Bent, deformed fingers |
ankylosis |
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What is the conservative therapy for RA? |
aspirin long-term use of antibiotics physical therapy |
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What is the progessive treatment for RA? |
anti-inflammatory drugs immunosuppressants |
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A biological response modifier drug that neutralizes harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals |
Enbrel |
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Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response |
gouty arthritis |
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Gouty arthritis generally affects the joint at the _____. If untreated, the bone ends ____ and ________. It is treated with _____, ____, and _____. |
big toe fuse immobilize the joint colchicine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs glucocorticoids |
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By embryonic week ___, synovial joint sresemble adult joints. _______ that coazes joints through their full range of motion is key to postponing joint problems. |
8 prudent exercise |
