Chapter 8 Central Nervous System

Front 1

3 primary vesicles

Back 1

Prosencephalon - forebrain

Mesencephalon- midbrain

Romnencephalon- hindbrain

Front 2

5 secondary vesicles

Back 2

Telecephalon, diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metacephalon, Mylencephalon

Front 3

Cerebrum - 5 lobes

Back 3

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Gyri of insula

Front 4

Frontal and Parietal Lobes are separated by the

Back 4

Central sulcus

Front 5

Precentral gyrus is located and Is responsible for?

Back 5

Frontal lobe and responsible for motor control; neurons called upper motor neurons.

Front 6

The Postcentral gyrus is located and is responsible for?

Back 6

Is in the Parietal lobe and is responsible for somatesthetic sensation ( coming from receptors in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints); called the somatosensory cortex.

Front 7

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 7

Precentral gyrus in frontal lobe

If something is wrong with this then won't be able to move.

Front 8

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Back 8

Sensation- Postcentral gyrus

Front 9

Temporal lobe

Back 9

Auditory centers; storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences.

Front 10

Occipital lobe

Back 10

Vision and coordination of eye movements.

Front 11

Insula

Back 11

Encoding of memory and integration of sensory information with visceral response; receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and pains information.

Front 12

Cerebral Cortex

Back 12

1) The outer region of the cerebrum composed of 2-4mm gray matter with underlying white matter.

2) Characterized by raised folds called gyri separated by depressed grooves called sulci; together called convolution.

3) Each hemisphere is divided by deep sulci or fissure into 5 lobes - Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula.

Front 13

Frontal lobe

Back 13

Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles; personality; higher intellectual process ( concentration & decision making ) verbal communication.

Front 14

Parietal lobe

Back 14

Somatesthetic interpretation (e.g. cutaneous and muscular sensation); understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions; interpretation of textures and shapes.

Front 15

Speech

Back 15

a) To speak, word comprehension originates in Wernicke's area and is sent to Broca's area along the arcuate fasciculus.

b) Broca's area sends information to the motor cortex to direct movement of appropriate muscles.

Front 16

Diencephalon is divided into 3 parts

Back 16

Thalamus

Epithalamus

Hypothalamus

Front 17

Thalamus

Back 17

Relay center

Front 18

Epithalamus

Back 18

Contains the choroid plexus over 3rd ventricles where cerebrospinal fluid is produced

Also contains Pineal glands=secrete melatonin=> helps regulate circadian rhythms.

Front 19

Hypothalamus

Back 19

Regulate s Blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature

Mood, appetite,thirsty, homeostasis-> boss of endocrine system 1) ADH 2) oxytocin

Front 20

Pituitary gland

Back 20

ADH & oxytocin are transported along the the hypotalamohypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary gland, where they are stored until needed.

Front 21

Brain stem has 3 parts

Back 21

Midbrain

Pons

Madulla oblongata

** Keeps you alive = cardiovascular & respiratory

Front 22

Cerebellum

Back 22

Second largest structure; gray matter outside white matter inside

Receives input from proprioreceptors in joints, tendons, and muscles

Works with the basal nuclei and motor cortex to coordinate movement.

The cerebellum is needed for motor learning and the proper timing and force required to move limbs in a specific task.

Front 23

Central Nervous System

Back 23

Composed of brain & spinal cord

Front 24

Embryonic Development

Back 24

From ECTODERM comes a groove that will become the NEURAL TUBE around 20 days after conception. This will eventually become the CNS.

Between the neural tube and the developing epidermis,NEURAL CREST forms. This will become PNS ganglia.

By week 4 after conception, three distinct swellings are seen on the neural tube. PRIMARY VESICLES.

a. Prosencephalon (forebrain)

b. Mesencephalon (midbrain)

c. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

By week 5, these regions differentiate into five regions. FIVE SECONDARY VESICLES.

a. Prosencephalon (forebrain)=> Telencephalon and Diencephalon.b. Mesencephalon (midbrain) => midbrainc. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) => Mesencephalon and myelencephalon.

Front 25

Developmental Sequence of the Brain

Back 25

Front 26

Central Nervous system

Back 26

Front 27

Later development of embryo

Telencephalon=>

Back 27

2 cerebral hemisphere & 2 lateral ventricles

Front 28

Later development of embryo

Diencephalon =>

Back 28

thalamus, hypothalamus, & 3rd ventricle

Front 29

Later development of embryo

Mesencephalon=>

Back 29

Midbrain & cerebral aqueduct

Front 30

Later development of embryo

Metencephalon

Back 30

Pons, cerebellum, upper 4th ventricle

Front 31

Later development of embryo

Myelencephalon=>

Back 31

Medulla oblongata & lower 4th ventricle.

Front 32

Later development of embryo

Posterior neural tube =>

Back 32

Spinal cord

Front 33

Mirror neurons are found in and are for

Back 33

In frontal & Parietal lobes

Integrate sensory & motor neural activity

Connected through the insula and cingulate gyrus to emotion centers in the brain.

May be involved in the ability to learn social skills & language.

Have been implicated in autism (autism spectrum disorder).

Front 34

Sleep maybe be genetically controlled, although sleep is affected by environmental factors.

NT involved

Back 34

Histamine - wakefulness

Adenosine & GABA- sleep

Serotonin- induces REM sleep and stimulates non- REM sleep.

Front 35

REM

Back 35

Rapid eye movement - dreams occur=> theta waves

Front 36

Non- REM

Back 36

Resting sleep; 4 stages (stage 3 & 4~ slow wave sleep, Characterized by Delta waves

Front 37

Broca's Area

Back 37

Left inferior frontal gyrus

Broca's aphasia involves slow, poorly articulated speech. There is no impairment in understanding.

Interestingly- other actions of the tongue, lips & larynx are not affected; only the production of a is affected.

Controls motor aspect of speech.

Front 38

Wernicke's area

Back 38

Left superior temporal gyrus

Wernicke's aphasia involves production of rapid speech with NO MEANING, called "WORD SALAD"

Language (spoken and written) comprehension is destroyed.

Controls understanding of words.

Information about written words is sent by the occipital lobe (visual cortex)

Front 39

To speak

Back 39

Word comprehension originates in WERNICKE'S AREA and is sent to BROCA'S AREA along the arcuate fasciculus.

BROCA'S area sends info to motor cortex to direct movement of appropriate muscles.

Front 40

Angular gyrus

Back 40

At the junction between the Parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

Center for integration of sensory information

Damage here also produces aphasia involved in reading and writing

Front 41

All ascending and descending tracts between the brain and spinal cord pass through the ____

Back 41

Medulla oblongata

Front 42

Principal ascending tracts of the spinal cord

Back 42

Front 43

Descending Motor Tracts

Back 43

Front 44

Cranial nerves

Back 44

CNI olfactory

CN II Optic

CNIII

CNIV

CNV trigiminal sensory/ motor chewing

CNVI eye movement

CN VII facial, mixed nerve

CN VIII vestibula choclear

CNIX gag reflex

CN X vagus gag reflex

CN XI accessory

CN XII hypoglossa

Front 45

Difference between somatic and autonomic

Back 45

Somatic motor neurons have a cell bodies in spinal cord and just one neuron on traveling from spinal cord to effector

Autonomic motor system has two sets of neurons in the PNS

1st has fell bodies in the brain or spinal cord and Synapses in a autonomic ganglion.

The second has cell bodies in the ganglion and Synapses on the effector.

Front 46

Somatic motor neurons

Back 46

Release only acetylcholine which is always excitatory.

Front 47

Autonomic neurons

Back 47

Release mainly acetylcholine and norepinephrine but may be excitatory or inhibitory.