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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Autosome
Autosomes are 44/46 of the human/animal chromosomes.
Centromere
The constricted area of each chromatid. The centromere holds the two chromatids together until they separate during cell division.
Chromatid
Each half of a single chromosome. Chromatids form as the DNA copies before cell division. When the cell divides, each of the 2 new cells will receive one chromatid from each chromosome.
Diploid
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes. They have both chromosomes for each homologous pair. They also have two sex chromosomes. Diploid cells are all normal human cells, except reproductive cells. In humans, the diplod [2n] number of chromosomes is 44- meaning 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.
Haploid
Haploid cells are the human sperm and egg cells. These cells have only one set of chromosomes. Human haploid cells have only one chromosome of each homologous pair and only one sex chromosome.
Histone
Proteins that the DNA in eukaryotic cells wraps around. The histones help maintain the shape of the chromosome and aid in the tight packing of DNA.
Homologous Chromosome
Every cell of an organism produced by sexual reproduction has two copies of each autosome. The organism receives one copy of each autosome from each parent. These are the two copies. They are the same size, shape, and carry the same genes for the same traits.
Karyotype
Photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a dividing cell, made from a blood sample. White blood cells are treated chemically to stimulate mitosis and arrest mitosis in metaphase.
Nonhistone
Nonhistone proteins are generally involved in controlling the activity of specific regions of the DNA.
Sex Chromosome
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism, and may carry genes for other characteristics. In humans, sex chromosomes are either X or Y. XX= Female XY= Male
Anaphase
The third phase of mitosis. During anaphase, the chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and slowly move toward opposite poles of the dividing cell. When the chromatids separate, they are considered to be individual chromosomes.
Binary Fission
Binary fission is the division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells. First the DNA is copied, then the cell grows to be twice its original size. Then a cell wall forms between the two chromosomes and the cell splits into two new cells. Each of these new cells contains one of the identical chromosomes that resulted in the copying of the original cell's chromosome.
Cell Cycle
The repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell: Interphase/Mitosis (M Phase)/Cytokinesis
Cell Plate
The cell plate- membrane-bound cell wall- formed by vesicles at the midline of the dividing cell.
Centriole
Two small cylindrical bodies in each centrosome. Plant centrosomes lack centrioles.
Centrosome
During prophase, after the nucleus disappears two pairs of dark spots called centrosomes appear.
Cleavage Furrow
During cytokinesis- the cytoplasm of the cell dividing- the cell membrane pinches inward halfway between the dividing cell's poles. The are of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two cells is the cleavage furrow.
Cytokinesis
A process during telophase where the cytoplasm of the cell divides.
G-zero Phase
The phase in which cells usually leave the cell cycle from the G-one phase. Cells don't copy their DNA or prepare for division.
G-one Phase
The G-one phase is the first stage of Interphase. During G-one, offspring cells grow to a mature size, then proceed to S phase, where the cell's DNA is copied.
G-two Phase
The G-two phase is the time between S phase (when DNA is copied) and preceding cell division. During G-two phase, the cell prepares to divide.
Interphase
Interphase makes up the largest part of the cell cycle. Interphase contains The G-one, two, zero and S phases. Interphase represents the time between cell divisions.
Kinetochore
Disc-shaped protein found in the centromere of each chromosome.
Kinetochore Fiber
Kinetochore fibers are types of spindle fibers that radiate along with polar fibers from the centrosomes during prophase.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half in new cells. The new cells will join together later in the organism's life cycle to produce cells with a complete set of chromosomes.
Metaphase
Metaphase is the second phase of Mitosis. During metaphase the kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the dividing cell. Once the chromosomes are in the center of the cell, they are held in place by the kineotchore fibers.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, which occurs during cell division. Mitosis is a continuous process that is divided into four phases: Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase.
Mitotic Spindle
The mitotic spindle is an arrangement of spindle fibers (polar and kinetochore) which helps divide the chromatids between the two offspring cells during cell division.
M Phase
Otherwise known as mitosis, the M-phase is the time when the nucleus of a cell divides.
Polar Fiber
Polar fibers are fibers in the mitotic spindle that extend across the dividing cell from centrosome to centrosome.
Prophase
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis. During prophase, the copied DNA tightly coils into chromosomes. Then, the nucleus disappears, two pairs of centrosomes appear, the centrosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell. As the centrosomes separate, spindle fibers radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for mitosis.
S Phase
S Phase is the part of interphase between G-one and G-two. During S phase, the cell's DNA is copied.
Spindle Fiber
During prophase, the centrosomes separate, and spindle fibers radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for mitosis. Spindle fibers make up the mitotic spindle. These fibers are made of microtubules, and consist of polar fibers and kinetochore fibers.
Telophase
Telophase is the final phase of mitosis. After the centrosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, the spindle fibers disassemble and the chromasomes return to a less tightly coiled chromatin state. A nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes and a nucleolus forms in each of the newly forming cells.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction is the production of offspring from one parent. Does not involve meiosis or the union of gametes. New organisms are created through binary fission or mitosis. Asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms results from the budding off of portions of their bodies. The offspring from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent.
Crossing Over
During snynapsis, the chromatids within a homologous pair twist around one another, and portions of the chromatids can break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosomes. This is crossing-over. This process permits the exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes.
Gamete
Haploid reproductive cell, produced by meiosis. Human gametes= sperm and egg cells, each of which contains 23 chromosomes. Sperm + Egg = Zygote- Contains 46 (2n) chromosomes.
Genetic Recombination
As a result of crossing over, we get genetic recombination by producing a new mixture of the genetic material.
Independent Assortment
The random separation of the homologous chromosomes resulting from the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase 1. Independent assortment of the chromosomes results in a random separation of the maternal and paternal chromosomes, resulting in genetic variation.
Oogenesis
Oogenesis is the production of mature egg cells. During Oogenesis, a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically to produce one mature egg cell. During cyto
Polar Body
From Oogenesis, we get one large egg cell and three polar bodies. The polar bodies are much smaller than the egg and simply degenerate.
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg. Offspring produced through sexual reproduction are genetically different from the parents because genes are combined in new ways in meiosis. Evolutionary advantage: Enables species to adapt rapidly to new conditions.
Spermatid
A spermatid is a haploid cell meitotically divided from one diploid cell during spermatogenesis. Four are created. Spermatids are immature sperm cells.
Spermatogenesis
Production of sperm cells using meiosis. One diploid reproductive cell divides meitotically to form four haploid cells called spermatids. Each spermatid then develops into a a mature sperm cell.
Synapsis
Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1. Sprindle fibers apear, the nucleus and nucleolus disappear, and every chromosome lines up next to it's homologue.
Tetrad
The pairs of homologous chromosomes. In each tetrad, chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are aligned lengthwise so that the genes on one chromosome are adjacent to the corresponding genes on the other chromosome.