Chapter 8 Bio101 - Mp

Front 1

What is the key energy storage molecule and give an example

Back 1

Glucose

Ex) stored directly as starch (plants) or glycogen (animals)

converted into fat for long term energy storage (animals)

Front 2

What is the glucose breakdown reaction?

Back 2

C6H12O6+602---->6CO2+6H2O+ATP+Heat

reverse for photosynthesis reaction

Front 3

What is photosynthesis reaction?

Back 3

6CO2+6H2O+light----->C6H12O6+6O2

reversed for Glucose Breakdown

Front 4

What is the ultimate source of energy?

Back 4

The sun

Front 5

How do cells obtain energy?

Back 5

Cells use glycolysis and cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP

Front 6

What is the breakdown of glucose?

Back 6

Focus of studying cellular energy production

Other molecules (fats, proteins) are converted to glucose or glucose breakdown intermediates use in ATP production.

Front 7

Glycolysis converts ________ into _____ __________ molecules.

Back 7

Glucose; two; pyruvate

Front 8

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 8

occurs in the cytosol

Front 9

What are the two stages of glycolysis?

Back 9

Energy Investment

Energy Harvesting

Front 10

What is the energy investment stage?

Back 10

Energy from 2 ATP's is used to convert glucose into fructose biophosphate

Fructose biophosphate is split into two G3P molecules

Front 11

What is the energy harvesting stage?

Back 11

G3P molecules are broken down into pyruvate, and the energy released is captured in ATP and NADH

Front 12

What is cellular respiration?

Back 12

captures remaining energy in pyruvate molecules from glycolysis to form additional GTP.

Front 13

Cellular respiration requires _______ and releases _________ ___________.

Back 13

requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Front 14

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Back 14

occurs in mitochondria

Front 15

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

Back 15

Breakdown of pyruvate

Electron Transport Chain

Chemiosmosis

Front 16

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Back 16

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 17

What is the Krebs cycle?

Back 17

Completes the breakdown of pyruvate and stores the energy in 3 different energy carriers: ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Front 18

What is the breakdown of pyruvate?

Back 18

1) pyruvate is converted into acetyl-COA

*this produces NADH and releases CO2

2) Krebs Cycle

*Completes breakdown of pyruvate, releasing more CO2 and producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP

Front 19

What does the electron transport chain do?

Back 19

converts the energy in NADH and FADH2 into an H+ gradient

Front 20

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Back 20

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 21

In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 donate what?

Back 21

NADH and FADH2 donate H+ and high energy electrons

Front 22

What is the energy in the electron transport chain used for?

Back 22

Energy is used to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

Front 23

In the electron transport chain oxygen serves as what?

Back 23

oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor and water is produced.

Front 24

Without oxygen in the electron transport chain what would happen?

Back 24

without oxygen, ETC would stop and cells would die from lack of ATP

Front 25

What is chemiosmosis?

Back 25

H+ ions flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.

Front 26

What does ATP synthase use in chemiosmosis and what does it do?

Back 26

ATP synthase uses energy of diffusion to generate ATP.

Front 27

What happens to each glucose molecule in chemiosmosis?

Back 27

For each glucose molecule, 32 ATP are produced by ATP synthase

Front 28

ATP produced

*Glycolysis:

*Krebs Cycle:

*ETC:

Total: ______ per glucose

Back 28

Glycolysis: 2

Krebs Cycle: 2

ETC: 32

Total: 36 per glucose

Front 29

What is the rate of respiration of ATP Production?

Back 29

Continuous process

regenerate body weight per day of ATP

Front 30

What are other energy sources in cellular respiration?

Back 30

fats and proteins can be used in place of glucose for energy.

Non-glucose molecules are converted to intermediates that enter partway in glycolysis or the Krebs cycle.

Front 31

The more efficient cellular respiration requires ________?

Back 31

oxygen?

Front 32

What happens under anaerobic conditions (i.e. no oxygen)?

Back 32

Fermentation

Front 33

Does fermentation produce ATP, if not what happens instead?

Back 33

no; regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.

Front 34

What are two major types of fermentation?

Back 34

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

Front 35

What is lactic acid fermentation and give examples?

Back 35

Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid to regenerate NAD+

Ex) occurs in bacteria that makes yogurt, sour cream, and cheese

Front 36

________ occurs in muscle cells under low oxygen conditions.

What happens when oxygen returns

Back 36

Lactic acid fermentation

When oxygen returns, lactic acid is slowly converted back into pyruvate.

Front 37

What is alcohol fermentation and where does it commonly occur give examples?

Back 37

pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide regenerate NAD+

occurs commonly in microorganisms, including yeast; used to make bread and alcoholic beverages.

Front 38

What is the advantage of fermentation?

Back 38

Allow ATP to be produced in the absence of oxygen

Front 39

What are the disadvantages of fermentation?

Back 39

unless it is reversed (i.e. muscles), only 2 ATP can be produced per glucose.

requires greater quantity of food molecules to produce required amounts of ATP.

Front 40

The metabolic breakdown of glucose generates the greatest amount of ATP during

Back 40

electron transport

Front 41

The electron transport chain receives electrons directly from

Back 41

NADH+FADH2

Front 42

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

Back 42

Oxygen

Front 43

Which of the parts of mitochondria are directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during chemiosmosis?

Back 43

Inner membrane only

Front 44

If glucose breakdown occurs in anaerobic conditions, pyruvate

Back 44

is converted by fermentation to lactase or ethanol or ethanol and carbon dioxide

Front 45

If no oxygen is available, how many ATP can be produced per glucose?

Back 45

2

Front 46

No ATP is produced by fermentation alone.

Back 46

True

Front 47

Fermentation by human muscle cells produces ethanol and CO2.

Back 47

False