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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
genome
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sum total of genetic material of cell |
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genome
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usually exists in form chromosomes- whcih is descrete cell substance composed of packaged DNA |
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gene
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area of chromsomes that contains info on how to build specific protein or RNA |
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Nucleic acid
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DNA or RNA |
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nucelic acid
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direct cell metabolism and reproduction |
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monomer |
nucleotide containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base |
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DNA replication
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for speices to survive must be able to self replicate |
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DNA replication
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One side serves as template and the other is newly formed nucleotides |
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Steps in DNA replication
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*Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases seperating into 2 strands *single strand binding proteins hold DNA strands apart *DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides * polymerase also repairs mismatched bases |
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mutation
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any change in nucleotide sequence during replication leads to ____________ |
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Importance of mutation
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sour |
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Transcription
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bulid a RNA strand using DNA as a template |
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translation
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build a protein using RNA molecules |
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RNA different orm DNA
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*sugar is ribosome vs deoxyribose *base -uricil replaces thyminie |
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Overview of transciption
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*DNA *pool of nucleotides *Enzymes |
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Types of RNA
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tRNA rRNA Reglatory RNA |
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mRNA
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Steps in transcription
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*initiation-RNA polymerase reconizes promoter and begins to unwind DNA exposing bases *Elmongation-strand of RNA synthesized by matching up new nucleotides to exposed bases by complementry base pairing *Termination-polymerase enzyme reconizes a stop seqDNA sequence on DNA strand -RNA strand releases from DNA - DNA starnd rewinds to orig configuration |
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Overview of translation
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mRNA pool of tRNA with attached amino acids ribosome composed of rRNA Final product-sequence of amino acids-first step in forming protein |
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steps in translation
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*mRNA binds with ribosome *tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome based on codon on mRNA *tRNA cont. to bring amino acids based on codon *building polypeptide cont. until stop codon is reached-enzye break bond btwn final tRNA and polypeptide releasing it from ribosome |
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translation in prokaryotes
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assembly line of multiple ribosomes allows for mass production of proteins in bacteria |
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genetic regulation
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genes
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active and proteins produced only when needed |
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operon
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set of genes operate as single unit to regulate genetic function |
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type of operon
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inducible-normal operation mode is " OFF"-assoc with catabolic reactions repressible- normal operating mode is "ON"- assoc with ana bolic reactions |
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regulator
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gene that codes for a protein that is cable of turing off the operon
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promoter
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DNA sequence reconizes by RNA polymerase as starting point for transcription |
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operator
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DNA sequence that acts as an on/off switch for transcription |
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structual locus
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3 genes that code for enzymes needed to catobolize lactose
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example of inducible operon
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lactose operon(lac)- sequence of DNA that regulates catobolism of latcosein E. coli
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lac operon in OFF position
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repressor protein attaches to operator- stops transcription and translation of enzymes needed to digest lactose can begin |
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mutation
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change in DNA occurs during DAN replication |
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horizontal gene transfer
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transfer of DNA betwn organisms |
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genes for drug reistance get passed by all 3 mechanisms of horiztontal gene transfer |
transformation transduction |
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conjugation
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both bacterial cells are alive during this exchange |
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transformation
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donor cell that is dead or lysed gives a fragment of DNA to a live recipent cell |
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discovery of transformation resulted in 2 types of pneumcoccal bacteria
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withoout- R type, rough coarse colonies |
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importance of capsules
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encapsulated bacteria are protected form host immune system-WBC cannot phagocytize |
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griffiths experiments *injected mice with live encapsulated pnemococci (S , smooth surface) |
mice died from pneumonia WBC wouldnt break down
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injected mice with live non-encapsulated pneumococci
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injected mice with dead encapsulated bacteria
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mice survied - dead bacteria couldnt produe disease |
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injected mice with live no capsule and dead capsle bacteria |
mice dies form pneumonia |
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why did mice die form group with mix of dead capsle and live no caslple bacteria
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some bacteria had been transformed from no capsle to encaplulated bacteria ( s type) |
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transduction
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exchnage of DNA via bacteriphage ( viruse that infect bacteria |
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Transduction
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* during replaication and asembly of new virus. phage takes on piece of bacteria DNA * donor cell lyses, relasing phages * phage penetrates a sec cell ( cell B)- DNA form cell A recombnes with DNA from cell B |
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recombinant
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delibertely remove genetic material form 1 organism and combine it with DNA from another
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examples of genetically engineered products
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Miscellaneous *bacteria that eats oil *featherless chickens *pest resistant plants *wrinkle-resistant cotton *spider silk for parachute and bullet proof vest-strong light |
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Ex of genetically engineered products
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Hormones Miscellaneous Vaccines/ Medicines |
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Hormones EPO
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stimulates bone marrow to make blood cells "blood doping"- artificially induced polycythemia ( excess RBC's) to increase aerobic performance |
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Insulin
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regulate blood sugar levels in diabetics
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HGH
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human growth hormone-stimulates growth in children with drawfism
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BGH
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bovine growth hormone-increase milk production
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Vaccines/Medicine
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hepatitis B and HPV tPA- tissue plasminogen activator-clot buster-given to heart attack victims to break up clots in coronary arteries |
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steps in recombining DNA
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*identify and isolate *insert newly cut DNA into vector *vector delivers DNA in cloning host |
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Characteristics in vector
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be able to carry good significant piece of DNA * be accepted by the host cell for cloning |
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characteristics in cloning host
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*rapid growth rate *nonpathogenic *known DNA -geonome is already mapped *will readily accept vectors |
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Common cloning host
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bacteria, yeast, plants
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