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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mental activity |
mentation
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short-term memory and learning ability |
Examples of cognitive functions
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-is a sudden, transient state of confusion.
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delirium
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Comparison of Dementia and Delirium Onset |
Dementia -gradual delirium--Sudden |
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Comparison of dementia and delirium presentation |
dementia--alert, attentive delirium--blunted inattentive |
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dementia vs delirium course |
dementia--stable, progressive deterioration, extended delirium--unstable, fluctuations in function, brief |
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dementia vs delirium duration |
dementia--permanent delirium-temporary |
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dementia vs delirium treatment |
dementia--symptomatic or supportive delirium--temporary specific |
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dementia vs delirium outcome |
dementia--incurable delirium--curable |
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dementia vs delirium __can result from high fever, head trauma, brain tumor, drug intoxication or withdrawal disorders, or inflammatory disorders of the CNS. |
delirium
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__is more commonly in older adults, refers to conditions in which decline in memory, thinking, and reasoning is severe enough to affect daily life of an alert person.
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dementia
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__the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive, deteriorating brain disorder. |
Alzheimer's disease
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What are the two types of Alzheimer's Disease?
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early onset (btwn 30-60 yrs old) late onset (after 60) |
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Alzheimer's Disease Early onset is believed to be caused by what? |
A mutated gene within specific chromosomes (1,14,21) that are responsible for making proteins that promote survival of nerve cells.
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The mutated genes in Early onset Alzheimer's are cause a disruption in the processing of a substance known as __
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amyloid precursor protein (APP)
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T or F Having a first degree relative with Ad in late onset doubles the risk for acquiring the disease. |
False Having a first degree relative in early-onset doubles your chances |
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What causes AD in late-onset
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the etiology of late-onset is unclear, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors may be a factor
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Late - onset AD One risk factor for Ad is attributed to __, one of a pair of genes, occupying chromosome 19 that regulates the formation of apolipoprotein. |
allele
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The onset of Ad is __and symptoms may develop slowly over years.
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insidious
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What are the stages of AD?
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preclinical mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer's dementia |
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What happens during the preclinical stage?
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a period when amyloid plaques are accumulating and nerve cell changes are occurring, but there are no clinical symptoms of AD
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What happens during the mild cognitive impairment stage?
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a time when memory problems are noticed but not serious enough to interfere with independent living
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What happens during the Alzheimer's dementia stage?
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the point at which there is significant cognitive decline, such as difficulty recalling words, trouble learning new information, difficulty recognizing familiar faces, impaired reasoning, judgment, and problem solving.
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What is the classic sign for AD?
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memory loss-it's confined at first to recent information and eventually long-term memory becomes impaired.
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aphasia
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problems with speaking
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alexia
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problems with reading
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agraphia
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problems with writing
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acalculia
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problems with calculating
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ataxia
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difficulty walking
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apraxia |
inability to accomplish ADLs
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biomarkers |
a measurable indicator of some biological state |
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How does a patient get a diagnosed of AD?
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AD diagnosis currently relies on validating mental decline and by excluding other causes for client's symptoms
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What is the AD7C test?
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Uses human urine or cerebrospinal fluid to detect the presence of beta amyloid ad tau proteins. |
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How can the early onset familial type of AD be identified?
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Genetic testing to identify the defective trait
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What test can help identify the late onset of AD?
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Blood test that can identify APOE 4 |
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T or F There is a cure for AD. |
There is no cure for AD; treatment is supportive using on of various drugs currently available |
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Until recently, AD could only be confirmed ___
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during a postmortem examination |
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__scan shows shrink of the cerebral cortex, but this wouldn't be apparent during the early stages. |
Computed Tomography (CT) |
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Diagnosing AD __and __ provide structural and metabolic information about the brain. |
Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Diagnosing AD __detects slower-than-normal brain waves. |
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Current drugs approved for the treatment of dementia of Alzheimer's type include___(what class)
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cholinesterase inhibitors and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Antagonist
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How do Cholinesterase inhibitors act on the body of AD clients?
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These drugs increase acetylcholine by inhibiting acetycholinesterase, the enzyme that degrades it. |
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How do N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Antagonist act on the body of an AD client?
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By blocking NMDA receptors, the drug protects neurons from excessive stimulation by glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter responsible for neuronal death. |
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What other class of drugs can be given to AD clients who are experiencing agitation or depression?
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antidepressants or tranquilizers |
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What is the major focus of nursing management for an AD client?
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To help the client and caregiver maintain the highest possible quality of life by supporting mental and physical functions and ensuring safety. |
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Gerontologic consideration Because cognitive changes alter older adults' roles and relationships, impacting their self-worth and evoking fear of the progression of the disease, What can help the client feel a sense of self-worth if the they have little or no family members or significant other? |
photographs from younger years may help provide a sense of self |
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Because of mental decline, an elderly client with AD may not be able to verbally express pain. How should the nurse assess for pain? |
Careful observation of facial expressions, body positioning, and by collaborating with caregivers and significant others |
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When caring for an AD client that wonders, what is an important caregiver teaching?
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keep a means of identification on the client's person at all times |
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What would be a good teaching to help the caregivers of dementia clients? |
Become involved with the local community mental health association; Join and attend meetings of a support group for caretakers of those who are cognitively impaired; investigate the services of a day care facility for occasional respite care.
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__is a thought disorder characterized by deterioration in mental functioning, disturbances in sensory perception, and changes in affect (emotion).
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Schizophrenia
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Many neurotransmitter imbalances are involved in schizophrenia, but __ is believed to be the major cause of the symptoms.
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dopamine excess
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T or F Schizophrenia is known to have a familial or genetic component. |
True |
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Other theories on the Etiology of schizophrenia (besides genetics) believe it may result from ___ during pregnancy. |
a viral infection experienced by the infected individual's mother |
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disturbed thinking
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delusions |
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sensory experiences only the client perceives |
hallucinations |
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belief in one's importance |
grandiosity |
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symptoms usually begin during ___ |
late adolescence to early adulthood |
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The Schizophrenic client will manifest a variety of symptoms that are categorized as positive or negative. What is the difference?
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-negative symptoms(defect symptoms) are marked by impoverished speech and an inability to enjoy relationships or express emotions. |
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Schizophrenia Which is symptoms are more easily controlled by drugs positive or negative? |
Positive |
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How is schizophrenia diagnosed?
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Diagnosis is made primarily on the symptomatology and by ruling out other possible causes. CT and PET scans, MRIs, and brain mapping may show decreased brain size and activity, esp in the frontal and temporal lobe. |
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