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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nervous System
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Master controlling and communicating system of the body
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Electrical impulses
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Means of communication between nervous system and body cells
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Sensory input, integration, and motor output
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3 overlapping functions of the nervous system
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Sensory input
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Gathered information of stimuli
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Integration
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Processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done
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Motor output
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Responds by activations muscles or glands
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Endocrine system
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Second important regulating system
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CNS and the PNS
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Two subdivisions of the nervous system
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CNS
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Occupies the dorsal cavity and acts as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system
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CNS
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Interprets incoming sensory info and issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions
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Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
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2 types of nerves that serve as communication lines
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Link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNs And from the CNS muscles or glands
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Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
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Sensory division and motor division
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2 subdivisions of the PNS
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Sensory division
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Also known as the afferent division
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Sensory division
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Conveys impulses TO the CNS from sensory receptors
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Somatic sensory
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Delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
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Visceral sensory
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Transmits to the brain from the visceral organs
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Motor division
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Also knows as the efferent division
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Motor division
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Carries impulses FROM the CNS to effector organs, muscles and glands
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Somatic and autonomic
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2 subdivisions of the motor division
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Somatic NS
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Allows us to voluntarily control skeletal muscles
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Somatic NS
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Also known as the voluntary NS
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Skeletal muscles reflexes
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Initiated involuntarily by somatic NS
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Smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
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Things that are controlled by the autonomic NS
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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2 subdivisions of the autonomic NS
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Supporting cells and neurons
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Nervous tissue is made out of these
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Neuroglia
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Supporting cells in the CNS ARE "lumped together" as nerve glue.
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Support, insulate and protect the neurons
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Functions of the neuroglia
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Astrocytes
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Abundant, star shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue.
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microglia
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Spider like phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria
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Ependymal cells
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Line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord
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Oligodrndrocytes
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Glia the wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing myelin sheaths
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Shwann cells
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Form myelin sheaths and nerve fibers around the PNS
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Satellite cells
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Protective, cushioning cells in the PNS
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Astrocytes
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Numerous projections have swollen ends that cling to neurons
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Blood capillaries
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Supply lines for astrocytes and neurons
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Astrocytes
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Form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons and play a role exchanging between the two
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Astrocytes
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Help control the environment by "mopping up" leaked K+ ions and recapturing the released neurotransmitters
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Neurons
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(Nerve cells) transmit messages from one part of the body to another
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Glia are not able to transmit nerve impulses. Glia never lose their ability to divide.
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Differences between neurons and glial cells
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Gliomas
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Most brain tumors
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Cell body
Slender processes |
Common features of all neurons
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Cell body
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Metabolic center of the neuron
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Centrioles
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Only organelle the neurons do not have in the cell body
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Missiles substance
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Rough ER
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Neurofibrils
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Intermediate filaments that are important in maintaining cell shape.
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Processes
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Vary in length from microscopic to 3 to 4 feet
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Lumbar region. Spine to great toe
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Longest process in the human body
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Dendrites
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Neuron processes that convey incoming messages toward the body cell
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Axons
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Generate nerve impulses and conduct them AWAY from the cell body
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Axon
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Each neuron only has one...
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Axon hillock
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Axon arises from the cone like structure
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Axon terminals
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Contain neurotransmitters
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Synapse
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Tiny gap that separates the axon terminal from the neuron
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Protects and insulates fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses
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Functions of myelin
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Schwann cells
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Myelinate the axons outside the CNS
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Neurilemma
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Part of the schwann cell, external to the myelin sheath
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Myelin sheath
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Encloses the axon
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Proprioceptors
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Constantly advise our brain of our own movements
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Motor (efferent) neurons
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Carry impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands
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CNS
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Cell bodies of motor neurons are located.....
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Interneurons
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Also known as association neurons
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Interneurons
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Connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways. Cell bodies are always located in the CNS
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Multipolar neuron
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Several processes extending from cell body
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Multipolar
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All Motor and association neurons (most common structural type)
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Bipolar neurons
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Neurons with 2 processes, axon and dendrite
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Eye and nose
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Bipolar neurons are found.....
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Unipolar neuron
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Very short and divided almost immediately into proximal (central) and distal(peripheral) processes
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Unipolar neurons
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Single processes emerging from the cell body
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Dendrites
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Small branches at the end of the peripheral process are...
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Axons
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The remainder of the unipolar neuron of the peripheral process and the central process functions as.....
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Unipolar neurons
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Axon conducts both toward and away from cell body
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PNS ganglia
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Sensory neurons found in ____ are unipolar
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Blood-brain barrier
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Keeps neurons separate from bloodborne substances
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Blood-brain barrier
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Composed of the LEAST permeable capillaries in the whole body
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Water, glucose, and essential amino acids
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Substance that can pass easily through the BBB
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Irritability
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Ability to respond to stimuli
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Conductivity
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Ability to transmit an impulse
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Plasma membrane is polarized
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside |
Step 1 of the nerve impulse
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Potassium
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Ions in the cell during step 1
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Stimulus depolarizes the neurons membrane
Depolarized membrane allows (na+) to flow inside the membrane |
Step 2 of nerve impulse
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Graded potential
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Inside is more positive and outside is less positive
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Nerve impulse
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Action potential=
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Action potential
Nerve impulse starts (beginning and end over entire axon) Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath |
Step 3 of nerve impulse
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Repolarization
K+ ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane. -sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration |
Step 4 of nerve impulse
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1) neurotransmitter is released from a nerve's axon terminal
2) dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter 3) action potential is started in the dendrite |
Steps of transmission of a signal synapses
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Electrochemical event
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Transmission of an impulse is an
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Reflex
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Rapid, predictable and involuntary response to a stimulus
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Reflex
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Occurs over pathways called reflexarcs
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Reflex arcs
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Direct route from a sensory neuron, to an Interneuron, to an effector
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Skeletal muscles
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Somatic reflexes regulate
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Smooth muscles regulation
Heart and blood pressure Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation |
Autonomic activates
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Receptor
Sensory neuron Integration center Motor neuron Effector |
5 parts of a reflex arc
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Two-neuron reflex
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Simplest type of reflex arc
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Flexor reflex
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3 neuron reflex=
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Brain and spinal cord
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Neural tube forms into
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Ventricles
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Opening of the neural tube becomes the
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Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
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4 major regions of the brain
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Cerebrum
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More than half of the brain mass
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Gyri
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Mountains of the brain
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Sulci
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Grooves of the brain
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Fissures
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Deeper grooves of the brain
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Longitudinal fissure
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Separate the cerebral hemispheres
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Cortex, white matter and basal nuclei
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3 basic regions of each cerebral hemisphere
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Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, consciousness, interpretation of sensation and voluntary movement
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Functions of the cerebral cortex
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Parietal lobe
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Primary somatic sensory area located in the
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Cerebral cortex
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Impulses traveling from the body's sensory receptors (except special senses) and located and interpreted in this area of the brain
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Primary somatic sensory area
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Allows you to recognize pain, coldness or a light touch
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Posterior part of the occipital lobe
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Visual area of the brain
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Temporal lobe
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Auditory area
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Deep inside the temporal lobe
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Olfactory area
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Frontal lobe
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Primary motor area
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Corticospinal or pyramidal tract
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Axons of the frontal lobe form the motor tract-
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Brocas area
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Involved in our ability to speak
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Junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
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Speech area is located at
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Frontal lobes
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Houses language comprehension
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Gray matter
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Cerebral hemispheres are found in the outermost
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Corpus callosum
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Connects hemispheres
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Diencephalon
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Sits on the brain stem
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Diencephalon
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Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
3 parts of the diencephalon
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Surrounds the 3rd ventricle
Is a relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation |
The thalamus
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Under the thalamus
ANS nervous system center Helps regulate body temp Controls water balance Regulates metabolism Important part of the lambic system Pituitary gland is attached |
Hypothalamus
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Lambic system
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Emotional visceral brain
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Hypothalamus
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Mammillary bodies bulge off of this
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Forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Houses the pineal body Includes the choroid plexus |
Epithlamus
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Choroid plexus
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Forms CS fluid
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla Oblongata |
Parts of the Brain stem
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Mostly composed of nerve fibers
Has 2 bulging fiber tracts(cerebral peduncles) |
Midbrain
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Corpa quadrigemina
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4 rounded protrusions of the midbrain
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Corps quadrigemina
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Centers involved with vision and hearing
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Bulging center part of the brain stem
Mostly composed of fiber tracts Breathing |
Pons
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Lowest part of brain stem
Merges into spinal cord Included important fiber tracts (Heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting) |
Medulla Oblongata
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Diffused mass of gray matter along the brain stem
Involved in motor control of visceral organs Regulates sleep/wake cycle |
Reticular Formation
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2 convoluted hemispheres
Provides involuntary coordination of body movements Balance and equilibrium |
Cerebellum
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Scalp&skin
Skull and vertebral column Meninges CSF blood-brain barrier |
Steps of the protection of the CNS
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Dura Mater
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Outermost layer of the meninges
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Double layered
Has periosteum Meningeal layer |
Dura Mater
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Dural venous sinuses
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Dural layers are fused together except in three areas where they separate to enclose
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