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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consciousness:
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
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biological rhythms:
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periodic physiological fluctuations.
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REM sleep:
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rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
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alpha waves:
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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
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sleep:
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periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)
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hallucinations:
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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
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delta waves:
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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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insomnia:
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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
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narcolepsy:
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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
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sleep apnea:
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
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night terrors:
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a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
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dream:
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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
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manifest content:
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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
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latent content:
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream’s latent content functions as a safety valve.
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REM rebound:
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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
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hypnosis:
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a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
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posthypnotic suggestion:
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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
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dissociation:
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a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
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psychoactive drug:
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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
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tolerance:
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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
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withdrawal:
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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
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physical dependence:
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a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
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psychological dependence:
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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
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addiction:
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compulsive drug craving and use.
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depressants:
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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
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barbiturates:
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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
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opiates:
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opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
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stimulants:
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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
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amphetamines:
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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speededup body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
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methamphetamine:
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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
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Ecstasy:
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a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
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hallucinogens:
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psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
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LSD:
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a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).
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THC:
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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
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dualism:
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the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.
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monism:
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the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
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