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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is classical conditioning?
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Classical conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another.
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What is UCS and UCR?
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UCS=Unconditioned stimulus UCR: unconditioned response (behavior)
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What is CS, CR, and NS?
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CS is a conditioned stimulus. CR is a conditioned response. NS is a neutral stimulus.
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Before conditioning how does a dog respond to food?
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The food is an unconditioned stimulus and the dogs salivation in turn is an unconditioned response.
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Before conditioning the tuning fork has what kind of effect on the dog?
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The tuning fork is a neutral stimulus and the dog has no conditioned response.
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During conditioning how does the dog respond to the tuning fork, and the food?
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The dog salivates, and has an unconditioned response.
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After conditioning how does the dog respond?
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The tuning fork (becomes a conditioned stimulus) alone cause salivation, and a conditioned response.
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What is a stimulus generalization?
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A stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
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What is an adaptive function?
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the relative ability of a person to effectively interact with society on all levels and care for one's self; affected by one's willingness to practice skills and pursue opportunities for improvement on all levels.
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What is stimulus discrimination?
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Stimulus discrimination is when a conditioned response occurs to one stimulus but not the others.
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What is higher order conditioning?
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Higher Order Conditioning (also known as Second Order Conditioning) is a classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus
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What are exposure therapies?
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In exposure therapies the patient is exposed to a stimulus (typically related to their phobia) that arouses an anxiety response until it is extinct.
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Systematic desensitization is what?
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Systematic desensitization is the combination of relaxation techniques and exposure to the critical stimulus which elicits increasing levels of fear.
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What is flooding?
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Flooding is prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus.
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What's the purpose of aversion therapy?
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The point of aversion therapy is to reduce attractiveness of the desired event by pairing it with an aversive (undesired) stimulus.
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What is classical conditioning?
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Classical conditioning teaches the subject to associate one stimulus with the other.
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What is operant conditioning?
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Operant conditioning teaches the subject to associate responses with consequences.
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What does classical conditioning focus on?
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Classical conditioning focuses on elicited behaviors. The responses are triggered involuntarily.
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What does operant conditioning focus on?
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Operant conditioning focuses on emitted behaviors. The responses are under physical control.
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In classical conditioning the CS occurs before what?
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The CS occurs before the CR. The CS triggers the behavior in classical conditioning.
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With operant conditioning the consequences happen after the...?
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In operant conditioning the consequences occurs after the behavior.
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What comprises Thorndike's Law of Effect?
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The satisfying behaviors were strengthened through repetition. The unsatisfying behaviors were weakened through repetition.
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B.F Skinner defined operant conditioning as?
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He defined operant conditioning as a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences that follow it.
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What are the type of consequences in skinner's operant conditioning?
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reinforcement vs. positive, positive vs. negative.
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Reinforcement is?
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A response that is strengthened by the outcome that follows it.
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Punishment is?
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A response that is weakened by the outcome.
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Positive consequences are?
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consequences that consist of something presented (added.)
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Negative consequences are?
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Consequences that consist of something taken away (removed.)
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Positive reinforcement is a response that is strengthened by subsequent presentation of a good stimulus (money, food, praise, sex, etc)
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What is negative reinforcement?
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Negative reinforcement is a response that is strengthen by the removal of an aversive (bad) stimulus.
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Examples of negative reinforcement.
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*If you turn on a heater, you won't be cold. *If you take an aspirin, your headache goes away.
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What is positive (aversive) punishment?
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The response is weakened by subsequent presentation of a bad stimulus. IE -argue with boss, get reprimanded. -cat attacks leg, pour bucket of water over cat. -
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Negative punishment (cost)
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response is weakened by removal of a "good" stimulus. IE-argue with boss, lose job. -stay out past curfew, lose driving privileges.
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operant conditioning is used to:
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To change behavior.
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What is shaping?
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Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
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What is chaining?
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Chaining is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response.
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Chaining is?
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Learning a sequence of behaviors through shaping.
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What's a more detailed explanation for shaping?
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Shaping is the name to those first initial steps needed to get the subject to engage in the behavior that is to be rewarded.
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In operant conditioning, the subject must first..?
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The subject must first emit (produce) the response that the experimenter plans to reward.
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Applications of operant conditioning result in:
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Specialized animal training.
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conditioning and biological restraints-what is preparedness?
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Through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others.
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what types of behaviors are learned more easily through preparedness?
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behaviors related to survival.
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constraints on classical conditioning-what is conditioned taste aversion?
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conditioning taste aversion is a critical response which the taste of a specific food tastes disgusting. (this can save your life)
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what is the garcia effect?
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the garcia effect is how biological preparedness influences learned taste aversions.
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what is the instinctive drift?
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the instinctive drift is the tendency for the Critical response to drift back towards instinctive behaviors.
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cognition and conditioning- insight learning (founded by wolfgang kohler) is what?
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The sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps solve a problem.
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observational learning....social cognitive theory - (founded by albert bandero) is what?
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the theory states that people learn by observing models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their own lives. (self efficacy)
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what is self efficacy?
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when people believe that they are capable of achieving a desired outcome through their own performance.
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What are the first two steps of observational learning?
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1. Attention: must pay attention to the model's behavior. 2. Retention: must be able to store that information in memory so it can be recalled when needed.
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what are the last two steps of observational learning?
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3.Reproduction: must be physically capable of reproducing the model's behavior.
4.Motivation: Must be motivated to display the behavior. |