Chapter 7 Human Anatomy

Front 1

Compact is dense connective bone tissue, white smooth, solid while spongy bone is internal to compact bone, porous

Back 1

Be able to distinguish the difference between compact bone and spongy bone.

Front 2

compact bone makes up 80% of bone mass

Back 2

Compact bone makes up what % of total bone mass.

Front 3

cancellous or trabecular bone

Back 3

Spongy bone is also called _____ and______.

Front 4

Support and protection, movement, hemopoiesis, storage of mineral and energy reserves; Hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell production from stem cells, occurs in red bone marrow connective tissue

Back 4

What are the functions of the skeletal system? Define hematopoiesis. Where does it occur?

Front 5

Calcium and phosphate stored in bone, lipids are stored in yellow bone marrow

Back 5

What minerals are stored in bone? What organic compounds are found in bone?

Front 6

Hyaline-attaches ribs to sternum, covers ends of some bones, within growth plates, model for formation of most bones

Fibrocartilage-weightbearing that withstands compression, forms intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and cartilage pads of knees

Back 6

Review the differ types of cartilage. How does each relate to bone?

Front 7

shape

Back 7

Bones are classified by:

Front 8

Diaphysis-elongated cylindrical shaft, leverage

Epiphysis-knobby region at ends of long bone

Articular cartilage-thin hyaline cartilage covering joint surface on epiphysis

metaphysis-mature bone b/w dia and epi, contains epiphyseal plate.

periosteum-dense irregular connective tissue, tough sheath on outer surface

medullary cavity-hollow cylindrical space within disphysis, contains red bone marrow in children, yellow in adults

endosteum-covers internal surfaces within medullary cavity, contains osteorogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclast

Back 8

Identify each of the following parts of a long bone: Diaphysis; epihpyses; articular cartilage; periosteum, medullary cavity; endosteum.

Front 9

highly vascularized, nutrient foramen allows artery or vein through

Back 9

Is bone vascularized? What is the function of the nutrient foramen?

Front 10

red forms blood cells, yellow is fatty substance

Back 10

What is the function of red bone marrow? Yellow bone marrow?

Front 11

Red is found in proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur and portions of axial skeleton: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae

Yellow is found in medullary cavity of long bones

Back 11

In which areas of bone do you find red marrow, yellow marrow?

Front 12

osteoprogenitor-stem cells that produce cells that mature to become osteoblasts,

Osteoblast-secrete osteoid, initial semisold form of bone matrix, become entrapped within the matrix

Osteocyte-mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts, lost bone forming ability, maintain bone matrix, detect mechanical stress

Osteoclast-derived from fused bone marrow cells, break down bone

Back 12

Define osteoprogenitor cell. osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast.

Front 13

osteoclast

Back 13

Which bone cell is derived from a white blood cell?

Front 14

osteocyte

Back 14

Which bone cell is the most mature?

Front 15

osteoid is a collagen protein, calcium phosphate reacts with calcium hydroxid to form hydroxyapatite crystals

calcification is depositing of crystals hardening bone, resorption is bone matrix destroyed by osteoclasts and may occur when blood calcium low

Back 15

What is the bone matrix made up of? What is calcification? Resorption?

Front 16

Compact bone composed of osteons, small cylindrical structures, parallel to diaphysis,

Back 16

How does compact and spongy bone differ in structure and location? What are trabeculae? What are lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi?

Front 17

chondroblasts

Back 17

What cells forms hyaline cartilage connective tissue

Front 18

interstitial and appositional, trapped in matrix

Back 18

Cartilage growth occurs by what process? The cell mature and are _____.

Front 19

bone growth in length

Back 19

What is interstitial bone growth?

Front 20

zone of proliferating cartilage

Back 20

Which zone are the cells in interstitial growth actively undergoing division?

Front 21

growth in diameter, occurs within periosteum

Back 21

What is Appositional growth. Where does it occur?

Front 22

woven bone is primary, poorly organized and immature, while lamellar replaces woven bone with compact spongey and periosteum

Back 22

What is the difference between woven bone and lamellar bone? Which one is more mature bone?

Front 23

mesenchyme, ossification is bone formation and development, chondroblasts form hyaline cartilage, while osteoblasts form bone matrix

Back 23

What is the human embryonic “skeleton” composed before ossification occurs? What is ossification? What is the difference in chondroblasts and Osteoblasts?

Front 24

spongey bone, trabeculae

Back 24

Cancellous bone is also _________bone and is formed with structural units called _________________.

Front 25

lines of mechanical stress

Back 25

Cancellous bone is strong because the supporting units are oriented along _____________________________________.

Front 26

produces flat bones of skull, mandible, centra part of clavicle, some facial bones, begains when mesenchyme becomes thickened with capillaries,

Steps: ossification centers form in mesenchyme, osteoid calcifies, woven bone an surrounding periosteum form, lamellar forms

Back 26

Describe intramembranous ossification. What type of bone is being formed during intramembranous ossification? What is the role of a mesenchyme cell?

Front 27

continual process of deposition and resorption, occurs though adulthood at periosteal and endosteal srfaces, occurs due to mehnical stress or hormones influencing growth, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

Back 27

What is remodeling? When is this process used? What cells are involved?

Front 28

endochondral forms most of the bones based on a hyaline cartilage model, long bones, pelvis, vertebrae, end of clavicle,

osteoids are units, chondroblasts secrete matrix, osteoblast produces matrix osteoclasts create hollow medullary cavity,

Back 28

Describe endochondral ossification. What type of bone is being formed? What are the units called?___________________What cell is responsible for this bone growth?

Front 29

perichondrium develops into periosteal bone collar, the periosteum is the outer layer of the bone

Back 29

How is the perichondrium involved in this process? What is the periosteum?

Front 30

endochondral ossification, primary in diaphysis and secondary in epiphysis, interstitial bone growth

Back 30

Which type of bone formation involves a primary and secondary ossification center? Where are these ossification centers? What occurs in them?

Front 31

youngest is closest to centers, oldest farther away. fontanels don't ossify until 2 years

Back 31

The centers of ossification are locations of ossification, where is the newest bone and where is the oldest. Name an area in the skull where ossification doesn’t occur until 2 years of age.

Front 32

in metaphyss, interstitial growth through cartilage, zone of ossification

Back 32

What is the epiphyseal plate? Where is the zone of new bone growth?

Front 33

remnant of epiphyseal plate, interstitial growth.

Back 33

What is the epiphyseal line? What type of bone growth occurred at this area?

Front 34

appositional growth

Back 34

How do bones grow in diameter?

Front 35

osteoclast

Back 35

What cells are apparently responsible for the resorption of bone tissue?

Front 36

somatotropin, growth hormone. Thyroxine regulates normal activity at epiphyseal plates infcing basal metabolic rate of bone cells.

Back 36

What hormone is responsible for the general growth of bones? How does the hormone thyroxine affect this process?

Front 37

dramatically accelerate bone growth, increae cartilage growthand bone formation in epiphyseal plate,

Back 37

What effect does sex hormones have on bone growth?

Front 38

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity, so less calcium released from bone into blood-PTH increases. Negative feedback system.

Back 38

How are the osteoclasts affected by calcitonin? By PTH ? What type of feedback mechanism regulates this system?

Front 39

PTH increases osteoclast activity, resorbs bone matrix resulting n calcium release from bone, kidney excretes less calcium,

Back 39

Name 3 ways PTH helps to maintain blood calcium levels.

Front 40

osteoclasts and osteoblasts, Vitamin D activates to calcitriol for calcium absorption.

Back 40

Normal bone homeostasis is dependent on proper balance of the activity of what 2 types of cells? Why is vitamin D essential?

Front 41

calcitriol stimulates absorption into blood stream from small intestine--liver ads an h group to make calcidio, kidney adds another to make calcitriol

Back 41

What role does Vitamin D play is ca++ absorption from the gut? How does Vitamin D become active

Front 42

fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, bone remodeling. Bones slightly thicker after repaired,

Back 42

Describe the stages in the repair of a bone fracture. Stress applied to a bone fracture does what? Are bones weaker after they are repaired?

Front 43

inufficient ossification leads to decrease in bone mass without compromising normal function, vs compromises normal function

Back 43

What is osteopenia? What is osteoporosis?

Front 44

due to reduced hormones with age, menopause, smoking,

Back 44

What causes osteoporsis?