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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
alkene (olefin)
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A hydrocarbon with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. (p. 279)
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diene
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A compound with two carbon-carbon double bonds. (p. 284)
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triene
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A compound with three carbon-carbon double bonds. (284)
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tetraene
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A compound with four carbon-carbon double bonds. (284)
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allyl group
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A vinyl group plus a methylene group:
CH₂=CH-CH₂- (p. 285) |
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Bredt's rule
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A stable bridged bicyclic compound cannot have a double bond at a bridgehead position unless one of the rings contains at least eight carbon atoms. (p. 295)
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bicyclic
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Containing two rings.
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bridged bicyclic
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Having at least one carbon atom in each of the three links connecting the bridgehead carbons.
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bridgehead carbons
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Those carbon atoms that are part of both rings, with three bridges of bonds connecting them.
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catalytic cracking
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The heating of petroleum products in the presence of a catalyst (usually an aluminosilicate mineral), causing bond cleavage to form alkenes and alkanes of lower molecular weight. (p. 309)
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cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)
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Isomers that differ in their cis-trans arrangement on a ring or double bond.
Cis-trans isomers are a subclass of diastereomers. (p. 285) |
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cis
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Having similar groups on the same side of a double bond or a ring.
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trans
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Having similar groups on opposite sides of a double bond or a ring.
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Z (stereochemical designation)
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Having the higher-priority groups on the same side of a double bond.
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E (stereochemical designation)
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Having the higher-priority groups on opposite sides of a double bond.
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dehalogenation
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The elimination of a halogen (X₂) from a compound. Dehalogenation is formally a reduction. (p. 303)
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dehydration
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The elimination of water from a compound; usually acid-catalyzed. (p. 306)
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dehydrogenation
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The elimination of hydrogen (H₂) from a compound; usually done in the presence of a catalyst. (p. 309)
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dehydrohalogenation
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The elimination of hydrogen halide (HX) from a compound; usually base-promoted. (p. 298)
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double-bond isomers
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Constitutional isomers that differ only in the position of a double bond. Double-bond isomers hydrogenate to give the same alkane. (p. 291)
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element of unsaturation
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A structural feature that results in two fewer hydrogen atoms in the molecular formula.
A double bond or a ring is one element of unsaturation; a triple bond is two elements of unsaturation. (p. 281) |
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geminal dihalide
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A compound with two halogen atoms on the same carbon atom.
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Heteroatom
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Any atom other than carbon or hydrogen (p. 282)
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Hofmann product
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The least highly substituted alkene product. (p. 299)
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Hydrogenation
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Addition of hydrogen to a molecule. The most common hydrogenation is the addition of H2 across a double bond in the presence to a catalyst (catalytic hydrogenation). The value of
(-∆H°) for this reaction is called the heat of hydrogenation. (p. 290) |
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olefin
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An alkene (p. 279)
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polymer
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A substance of high molecular weight made by linking many small molecules, called monomers. (P. 289)
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addition polymer
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A polymer formed by simple addition of monomer units.
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polyolefin
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A type of addition polymer with an olefin serving as the monomer.
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saturated
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Having only single bonds; incapable of undergoing addition reactions. (p.281)
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stereospecific reaction
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A reaction in which different stereoisomers react to give different stereoisomers of the product. (p. 300).
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trans-diaxial
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An anti and coplanar arrangement allowing E2 elimination of two adjacent substituents on a cyclohexane ring. The substituents must be trans to each other, and both must be in axial positions on the ring. (p. 301)
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unsaturated
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Having multiple bonds that can undergo addition reactions. (p. 281)
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vicinal dihalide
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A compound with two halogens on adjacent carbon atoms. (p. 303)
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vinyl group
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An ethenyl group, CH₂=CH-. (p.285)
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Zaitsev’s rule (Saytzeff’s rule)
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An elimination usually gives the most stable alkene product, common the most substituted alkene.
Zaitsev’s rule does not always apply, especially with a bulky base or a bulky leaving group. (p. 291) |
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Zaitsev’s elimination
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An elimination that gives the Zaitsev product.
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Zaitsev product
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The most substituted alkene product.
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