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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neurons |
Sensory-toward CNS Associative-between neurons Motor-away from CNS |
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Parts of the neuron |
Cell body. Dendrite-impulse toward cell body Axon-impulse away cell body |
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Two parts of the nervous system |
CNS-central PNS-peripheral |
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CNS |
Brain and spinal cord. Interpret impulses and send signals to PNS. May increase or block activity. |
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PNS |
12 cranial nerves. Paired spinal nerves (Dorsal roots-sensory in, Ventral roots-motor out) Autonomic nervous system (involuntary) |
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Autonomic nervous system |
Sympathetic-adrenergic Parasympathetic-cholinergic |
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Sympathetic |
"fight or flight"-increases heart rate, etc. Short preganglionic fibers, AcetylCholine neurotransmitter. Long postganglionic fibers, epinephrine or norepinephrine. Arise from thoracic and lumbar regions. |
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Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs: "EAD" Cardiac: |
Increases heart rate |
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"EAD" Vascular |
Causes vasoconstriction to digestive organs and skin and vasodilation to skeletal muscles. |
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"EAD" Bronchi |
Dilates bronchi and decreases bronchial secretions. |
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"EAD" Gastointestinal |
Relaxes smooth muscle tone of the GI tract, decreases GI motility and peristalsis, and decreases GI secretions. |
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"EAD" Urinary |
Relaxes urinary bladder muscles, increases constriction of the internal sphincter muscle of the urinary bladder, and causes urine retention. |
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"EAD" Ocular |
Causes mydriasis (pupillary dilation) and paralyzes the ciliary muscle. |
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"EAD" CNS/Muscular system |
Decreases muscle rigidity and can cause drowsiness and disorientation. |
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"EAD" Glandular |
Decreases salivation, perspiration, and tear production. |
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alpha 1 |
Effect-increases force of heart contraction, increases blood pressure, and causes mydriasis.
Blocking-Vasodilation and miosis |
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alpha 2 |
Effect-Inhibits release of norepinephrine and dilates blood vessels, producing hypotension
Blocking-None |
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beta 1 |
Effect-Increases heart rate and force of heart contraction
Blocking-decreases heart rate |
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beta 2 |
Effect-Dilates bronchioles and relaxes GI tract.
Blocking-Constricts bronchioles |
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Parasympathetic |
"homeostatic". Normal heart rate, etc. ACh released at both pre and postganglionic synapse. Long pre, short post fibers. Fibers found in brain stem and sacral nerves. |
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Effects of Cholinergic Drugs: "ECD" Cardiac |
Decreases heart rate and slows conduction of the AV node. |
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"ECD" Vascular |
Causes vasodilation (lowers blood pressure) |
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"ECD" Bronchi |
Stimulates bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increases bronchial secretions. |
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"ECD" GI |
Increases motility of the smooth muscles of the stomach, increases peristalsis, and relaxes sphincter muscles. |
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"ECD" Urinary |
Contracts urinary bladder muscles, relaxes sphincter muscles of the urinary bladder, and stimulates urination. |
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"ECD" Ocular |
Causes miosis (pupillary constriction) |
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"ECD" Skeletal muscle |
Maintains muscle strength and tone |
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"ECD" Glandular |
Increases salivation, perspiration, and tear production. |
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Seizures |
Periods of altered brain function due to recurrent abnormal electrical impulses in cerebral cortex |
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Anticonvulsants |
Help prevent seizures by suppressing the spread of abnormal electric impulses from the seizure focus to other areas of the cerebral cortex.
All anticonvulsants are CNS depressants- May cause ataxia, drowsiness, and hepatotoxicity. |
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Anticonvulsant Catergories |
Barbiturates-CNS depressants (phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines-potentiate GABA (diazepam, Valium) Potassium Bromide (KBr)-Chloride competitor Phenytoin (Dilantin)-side effects limit use in animals Add ons-used in small animals with refractory seizures uncontrolled by standard drugs |
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Barbiturates |
Derivative of barbituric acid. Grouped by duration of action. Long acting (6-8 hrs)-phenobarbital Short acting (1-2 hrs)-pentobarbital Ultrashort-(10-15 min)-thiopental, methohexital |
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Phenobarbital (oral-Primidone) |
Long acting, anticonvulsant of choice in dogs and cats. C-IV controlled, IV or PO. May cause liver enzymes (SAP, ALT) to rise, animal may develop tolerance. Should take periodic blood samples for signs of liver damage. |
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Pentobarbital |
Short acting, administered IV, C-11 controlled substance. Commonly used as an euthanasia solution. |
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Thiopental |
Ultra short. Administered IV for induction of anesthesia prior to intubation or for short procedures. |
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Benzodiazepines |
Potentiate effects of GABA. Used IV for status epilepticus. diazepam (Valium), iorazepam (Ativan), clorazepate |
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GABA |
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that stabilizes nerve cell membrane. |
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Potassium bromide (KBr) |
Hyperpolarizes membrane, raises seizure threshold and limits spread of seizures. Long half life (24 days) takes several days to reach therapeutic range. |
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Add-Ons |
Used for refractory seizures. |
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Add-On-levetiracetam (Kappra) |
Dogs and cats with refractory epilepsy. Binds to synaptic vesicle protein. Side effects include sedation, ataxia, and anorexia. |
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Add-On-zonisamide (Zonagran) |
Blocks calcium and sodium channels in the brain. Facilitates serotonin and dopamine. Side effects include ataxia and sedation. |
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Add-on-gabapentin (Neurontin) |
Inhibits calcium channels resulting in decreased excitatory neurotransmission. Side effects-sedation, ataxia, and potential hepatotoxicity. |
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Add-on-felbamate (Felbatol) |
Used in dogs to control seizures by potentiating GABA and inhibiting calcium channels. Side effects-hepatotoxicty, reversible blood dyscrasias, and keratoconjunctvitis sicca. |
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Calming Agents |
Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Anti-anxiety drugs |
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Phenothiazines (acepromazine) |
Sedation, antianxiety, antiemetic, antiarrhythmic, antihistamine effect, peripheral vasodilation, seizure threshold reducer. |
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Butyrophenones (Not in U.S.) |
Sedation, Antiemetic |
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Benzodiazepines (Valium, Telazol) |
Antianxiety, Muscle relaxant. No analgesia. Used with ketamine or tiletamine for short-term anesthesia. |
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Alpha 2 Agonists (Xylazine) |
Sedation, Analgesic, Muscle relaxant, Emetic. Premedicate with atropine (anticholinergic) xylazine (Rompun)- most common detomidine (Dormosedan)- used for colic in horses. Domitor & Dexdomitor-sedation and analgesia in dogs. IM or IV. Reversed with atipamezole, (Antisedan) |
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Phenothiazine derivatives |
Causes sedation, relieves fear and anxiety. acepromazine-(Promace) chlorpromazine-(Thorzine) compazine promazine-(Sparine) |
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xylazine (Rompum) |
Combined with ketamine for short term procedures. Emetic. Can be reversed with yohimbine or tolazoline. IMPORTANT: Always check Rompum label for dosage concentration. Large animal is 100mg/ml, small is 20. |
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Analgesia (Pain Relief) Classified as: |
Physiologic: the bodies protective mechanism to avoid tissue injury.
Pathologic: arises from tissue injury and inflammation or from damage to nervous system. |
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Analgesia can be further divided into: |
Nociceptive: transient pain due to peripheral tissue injury.
Neuropathic: damage to the peripheral nerves or central nervous system.
acute/chronic |
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Nociceptive pain |
Somatic Pain-arises from joint, bone, muscle, skin, or connective tissue.
Visceral Pain-arises from visceral organs |
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Neuropathic Pain |
Centrally generated pain-peripheral or central nervous system injury. Dysregulation of the ANS
Peripherally Generated Pain-Peripheral nerve injury. |
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Nociceptive Pain Pathway |
Transduction-Stimulus to electrical energy Transmission-Through PNS to spinal cord, brain Modulation-What CNS does with pain signal Perception-Awareness |
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Signs of pain |
abnormal, licking, biting, changes, etc. |
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Analgesics |
Non or narcotic. Preemptively-before pain starts Multimodally-combining drugs from different classes to achieve synergism. |
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Narcotics |
Refers to opiate (natural from opium poppy seeds) or opioid-like (synthetic). Work on CNS. |
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Non-Narcotics |
Used for mild to moderate pain, are non-addictive, and work on the PNS receptors. |
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Opoids |
Do not produce anesthesia. Produce analgesia and sedation, and relieve anxiety. Described by their action at the opioid receptor. Side effects: respiratory depression, excitement if given too rapidly. |
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Mu |
Found in the pain area of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Kappa |
Found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord |
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Delta |
Found in the brain, spinal cord, provide minimal analgesia in animals. |
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Affinity |
Drug's ability to bind with a receptor. Affects a drug POTENCY. |
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Activity |
Ability of drug to cause action in or on receptor cell. |
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Based on affinity and activity, opioids are: |
Full agonists-bind to receptor & produce effect. Partial agonists-potent activity Full antagonists- No activity Partial antagonists-reversal agents |
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Opioids |
Opium, Morphine sulfate, hydromorphone, butorphanol, hydrocodone, fentanyl, etorphine, buprenorphine, pentazocine, methadone, codeine, tramadol, diphenoxylate, loperamide, apomorphine. |
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Opium |
C-lll, paregoric in tincture. Natural opioid, antidiarrheal in calves and foals. |
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Morphine sulfate |
C-ll, inject or oral. Naturally occurring, affects mu and kappa receptors. Treats severe pain, preanesthetic, anesthetic, emetic |
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Hydromorphone |
(Dilaudid) IV, IM, SQ pre-op. Semisynthetic mu agonist, C-ll, 5x more potent than morphine, also treats severe post-op pain |
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Butorphanol |
(Torbugesic) (Torbutrol) C-lV. Synthetic opioid, 2-5x analgesia of morphine. Potent antitussive, analgesic, preanesthetic. Comes in small animal and horse concentrations. |
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Fentanyl |
(Duragesic). Transdermal, IV, tablet. Synthetic, transdermal patch, C-ll, 200x morphine |
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Etorphine |
(M-99) for immobilization of zoo and exotic animals, C-ll, 1000x morpine |
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Tramadol |
(Ultram) Centrally acting opioid agonist with mu receptor activity, SSRI. Used to control chronic pain, for oral analgesia and antitussive. |
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Loperamide |
(Immodium) antidiarrheal |
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Opioid Antagonists |
Blockers. Used to treat respiratory and CNS depression. Naloxone. Naltrexone |
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Naloxone |
a opioid antagonist used to reverse respiratory depression following narcotic overdose, given IV, IM, SQ |
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Naltrexone |
used to treat behavior disorders and chronic licking |
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Neuroleptanalgesics |
combination of an opioid and a tranquilizer or sedative to relieve pain and calm anxiety. No longer available commercially. |
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Anesthetics |
Anesthesia- means without sensation- NO PAIN |
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Local Anesthetics |
Block pain at site. Examples: lidocaine, proparacaine, tetracaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine. |
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Types of Local Anesthesia |
Infiltration, Topical, Nerve block, Line block, Regional (epidural) |
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Injectable general anesthetics (1) |
Barbiturates: CNS depressants derived from barbituric acid. Used mainly as anticonvulsants, anesthetics, and euthanasia solutions. Side effects: potent cardiovascular and respiratory depression. |
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Injectable general anesthetics (2) |
Dissociatives: belong to the cyclohexamine family (PCP, angel dust) Examples: ketamine and tiletamine. |
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Misc. Injectable general anesthetics |
-Guaifenesin: Skeletal muscle relaxant used in combo with an anesthetic drug to induce general anesthesia in horses. -Propofol: short acting inj. anesthetic agent that produces rapid and smooth induction when given IV.-Side effects-cardiac arrhythmias and apnea. Hypnotic agent. |
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Inhalant General Anesthetics |
"Volatile anesthetics" Compared on value called MAC-minimum alveolar concentration. Measure of the strength of anesthetic. Lower MAC= More potent (halothane) Higher MAC= Less potent (isofluorane) |
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Blood-to-gas solubility |
Hi BGS= longer induction, longer recovery Low BGS= faster induction and recovery |
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Methods of Administering Anesthetics by Inhalation |
Open-drop, semi-closed, closed |
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Inhalant general anesthetics (1) |
Halothane (Fluothane). Nonflammable, inhalant anesthetic administered via a precision vaporizer. Leave animals on 100% oxygen following surgery to prevent diffusion hypoxia. |
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Inhalant general anesthetics (2) |
Isoflurane (Isoflo). Nonflammable, inhalant anesthetic administered via a precision vaporizer. Side effects include respiratory depression and malignant hyperthermia. |
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Inhalant general anesthetics (3) |
Isomers of isoflurane. Nonflammable and have fewer cardiovascular side effects than other inhalants. C-sections. Examples: Enflurane, Desflurane, Sevoflurane-side effect profound respiratory depressant, close monitoring needed. |
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Inhalant general anesthetics (4) |
Sevoflurane: produces rapid induction and rapid recoveries. Produce fewer cardiovascular side effects. Has low tissue solubility, resulting in rapid elimination of the drug by the body. |
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CNS Stimulants |
Reverse CNS depression caused by CNS depressants. Doxapram: (Dopram V)-C-sections, sublingual drop or via umbilical cord. Methylxanthines: bronchodilators. Include caffeine, theophylline, and aminophylline. Considered performance-enhancing |
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Euthanasia Solutions |
Used to humanely end an animal's life. When pentobarbital is in combo with other agents, it is a C-lll controlled substance (Beuthanasia-D) |
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ANS drugs |
Autonomic nervous system drugs work either by acting like neurotransmitters or by interfering with neurotransmitter release. |
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Two groups of drugs affect the parasympathetic nervous system |
Cholinergics (parasympathomimetics)-mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system. Anticholinergics (parasympatholytics) |
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Two groups affect the sympathetic nervous system. |
Adrenergics (sympathomimetics) Adrenergic blockers (sympatholytics) |
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Anticholinergic Drugs |
Inhibit the actions of acetylcholine by occupying the acetylcholine receptors. Examples:atropine Used to decrease salvation during anesthesia. |
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Adrenergic Drugs |
Simulate the action of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dobutamine, albuterol. |
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Adrenergic Blocking Agents |
Block the effects of the adrenergic neurotransmitters. beta-blockers include propranolo, metoprolol, and timolol. |