Chapter 7 - Biotechnology And Recombinant Dna

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Chapter 7- Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

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Angela Chan
TR 9:30

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Process of recombinant DNA technology

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1. Insert gene into vector (anything that can carry something else) DNA (bacterial plasmid or viral genome). Ex: Mosquito
2. Recombinant vector DNA is taken up and replicated
3. Cells replicate to form clones
4. The gene or protein product is harvested

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Products made by recombinant DNA technology

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insulin, human Growth Hormone, & stone washed jeans

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occurs when organisms with characteristics that enhance survival are more likely to survive and reproduce

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artificial selection

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DNA cutting enzymes that are obtained from bacteria. They protect the bacteria by hydrolyzing (chopping it up) the invading DNA.

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restriction enzymes (a.k.a. endonuclease)

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DNA that is self-replicating. Examples include bacterial plasmid DNA, viral DNA like retrovirus (reverse/backward virus) or herpesvirus.

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vectors

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a technique by which small samples of DNA can be amplified. Make more of it, replicate genes. Discovered by Kary Mullis.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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Process of PCR

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1. Obtain DNA sample.
2. Add 4 nucleotides (A,T,G,C), DNA polymerase (makes DNA) and primers that help start the reaction.
3. Place samples in a thermal cycler to heat and cool to amplify the DNA.

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procedure in which cells take up DNA from the environment and become changed.

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transformation

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contain natural copies of the DNA or the cDNA copies of genes made from mRNA. They are obtained by isolating the DNA, digesting it with restriction enzymes, inserting the DNA into vectors which are inserted into bacterial cells.

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Gene library

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stretches of DNA that code for a protein

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exon

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stretches of DNA that do not code for a protein

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intron

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used to make complementary DNA from a mRNA template.

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reverse transcriptase

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project which sequenced the 3 billion nucleotide base pairs to map the 35,000 genes which are contained in the human.

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The Human Genome Project

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genetic engineering can be used to form insulin, tissue plasminogen activator ("clot buster), Hepatitis B vaccine, gene therapy to cure cystic fibrosis etc.

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therapeutic applications

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determinesthe exact sequence of the nucleotide bases in DNA

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DNA sequencing

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the science of understanding the functions of genes through computer-assisted analysis

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bioinformatics

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process which separates pieces of DNA due to size and charge as the DNA travels through an agarose gel

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gel electorphoresis

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process used to determine the presence of a specific piece of DNA that is responsible for a particular disease

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genetic screening

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is gel electrophoresis which requires only a small sample of DNA to determine identity in paternity or forensics cases.

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DNA fingerprinting

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used to introduce herbicide resistance into plants of choice, used to grow tomatoes that stay firm after harvest. This process has also been used to introduce a gene into crops to cause them to glow when they are being attacked (Luciferase). The use of bovine growth hormone cause cows to increase their weight and increase their milk production.

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agricultural applications