Lecture 7 - Chapter 7

Front 1

What is cellular respiration?

Back 1

Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules

Front 2

Where does cellular respiration take place?

Back 2

Inside the mitochondrion

Front 3

What is the primary aim of cellular respiration?

Back 3

To make ATP and NADH

Front 4

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen how?

Back 4

O2 is consumed and CO2 is released.

Front 5

What does the chemical equation look like?

Back 5

Organic molecules + 02 ---> CO2 + H2O + Energy

Front 6

What is a main organic molecule used in the cellular respiration process?

Back 6

Glucose

Front 7

Glucose Metabolism's chemical equation looks like what?

Back 7

(C6 H12 06) + 6O2 ---> (06C O2) 6(H2O)

Front 8

What are the 4 metabolic pathways in Glucose Metaboslism?

Back 8

1. Glycolysis. .

2. Breakdown of Pyruvate to an acetyl group .

3. Citric acid cycle. .

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation. .

Front 9

Glucose Metabolism: Stage 1

Back 9

Glycolysis

Front 10

What is the process of Glycolysis

Back 10

The breakdown of Glucose into pyruvate.

Front 11

Can glycolysis can occur with or without what?

Back 11

Oxygen, but it kinda sucks when it happens without oxygen. It will happen without oxygen in very specific situations.

Front 12

The steps in glycolysis are (similar/different) in all living species?

Back 12

Similar

Front 13

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 13

Inside the cytosol

Front 14

How many phases of glycolysis are there?

How many steps in total?

Back 14

3 phases and 10 steps

Front 15

What are the 3 phases of glycolysis?

Back 15

1. Energy investment. .

2. Cleavage. .

3. Energy liberation. .

Front 16

What happens in the Energy Investment phase of Glycolysis?

Back 16

Steps 1-3

2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6 bisphosphate.

(6-carbon thingy).

Front 17

What happens in the Cleavage phase of Clycolysis?

Back 17

Steps 4-5

6-carbon molecule broken into two 3-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Front 18

What happens in the Energy Liberation phase of Glycolysis?

Back 18

steps 6-10

Two glyceraldehyde-3phosphate molecules broken down into two Pyruvate molecules producing 2 NADH and 4 ATP

Front 19

What is the Net yield of ATP in Glycolysis?
What Stage makes what?

Back 19

1. Energy investment makes 2 ATP.

2. Cleavage makes zero.

3. Energy liberation makes 4 ATP.

Total ATP = 6

Front 20

What is the net yeild of NADH in Glycolysis?

What stage is it made in?

Back 20

Net yield of 2 NADH.

Made in the Energy liberation stage.

Front 21

What happens in Glucose Metabolism: Stage 2?

Back 21

Breakdown of Pyruvate to an acetyl group

Front 22

In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. How many pyruvate molecules came from Stage 1?

Back 22

Two molecules of Pyruvate

Front 23

In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. For eukaryotes(multicell), pyruvate is transported to what?

Back 23

Mitochondrial matrix

Front 24

In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. What eyzme breaks down Pyruvate?

Back 24

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 25

In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. What is removed from each pyruvate? What is the other part left?

Back 25

CO2 is removed. Acetyl group is left behind.

Front 26

In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. What happens to the acetyl group left over after the CO2 is broken off of the Pyruvate?

Back 26

Acetyl Group attached to CoA to make Acetyle CoA

Front 27

In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. How much NADH is made for each pyruvate?

Back 27

1 NADH is made. Totaling 2 because 2 pyruvate came into the process.

Front 28

What is Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism?

Back 28

The Citric Acid Cycle (Kerbs Cycle)

Front 29

Generally what happens in Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism?

Back 29

It's a metabolic cycle. Particular molecules enter while other leave, involving a series of organic molecules regenerated with each cycle. You end with what you started with. Cycle.

Front 30

Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism. Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to what?

This forms what?

Back 30

Oxaloacetate and this forms citrate or citric acid.

Front 31

Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism. Series of steps release what?

Back 31

2CO2, 1ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 for each cycle.

Front 32

Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism. At the end of the cycle what is regenerated so that the process can start over again?

Back 32

Oxaloacetate

Front 33

What is the 4th stage of Glucose Metabolism?

Back 33

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 34

What happens in the 4th stage of Glucose Metabolism?

Back 34

High energy electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP.

Front 35

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism typically requires the presence of what?

Back 35

Oxygen.

Front 36

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism is an oxidative process involving what?

Back 36

The electron transport chain.

Front 37

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. Phosphorylation occurs by what Enzyme?

Back 37

ATP synthase

Front 38

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. What is the Electron transport chain? (ECT)

Back 38

Group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 39

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism . The ECT can accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of what reactions?

Back 39

Redox - one molecules looses an electron and another molecules gains an electron. The electrons are passed around.

Front 40

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ECT. Movement of electrons generates what kind of gradient?

Back 40

H+ electrochemical gradient/proton-motive force. There is an excess of positive charge outside of the matrix.

Front 41

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ECT. Since there is a greater number of H+ molecules on the outside what do they want to do?

Back 41

Go inside.

Front 42

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ETC. Lipid bi-layer of inner mitochondrial membrane is relatively (impermable/permable) to H+

Back 42

impermable, but there is a place it can get through.

Front 43

ECT 4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. Where does the H+ get through the ECT?

Back 43

It passes through ATP synthase. (Enzyme)

Front 44

What happens with H+ goes through ATP Synthase?

Back 44

ATP Synthase(enzyme) harnesses free energy released to synthesize ATP from ADP

Front 45

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism ECT. What is Chemiosmosis?

Back 45

The Chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane

Front 46

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. How is the energy converted?

Back 46

H+ electrochemical gradient pushes stuff into a chemical bond energy to form ATP.

Front 47

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. What is the ATP made up of?

Back 47

ADP + Pi and H+ make ATP through ATP Synthase.

Front 48

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase moves in what way? Why?

Back 48

ATP Synthase moves in a rotary machine that makes ATP as it spins

Front 49

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. What is the first turn for? What is the second turn for? 2 part process.

Back 49

First turn bonds tightly to form the molecule, second turn bonds weakly and release the molecule.

Front 50

4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. How many ATP molecules per glucose?

Back 50

30-34 ATP

Front 51

What other organic molecules can be used for energy?

Back 51

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Front 52

What is the difference with the other organic molecules and Glucose that create energy?

Back 52

The other organic molecules enter in glycolysis or citric acid cycles at different points

Front 53

Why do these organic molecules use the same pathways as Glucose for breakdown?

Back 53

It increases efficiency

Front 54

What is anabolsim?

Back 54

It is the same process as metabolism but on other molecules. It gets a different name.

Front 55

In environments that lack sufficient oxygen how is energy made? What are the processes called?

Back 55

Anaerobic metabolism and fermentation

Front 56

Anaerobic metabolism. What is it?

Back 56

Use of substances other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain.

Front 57

Fermentation. What is it?

Back 57

ATP made via glycolysis ONLY. Needs to regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis running. It produces far lessATP

Front 58

What are some examples of Fermentation?

Back 58

Muscles producing lactate and Yeast making ethanol.