Chapter 7

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1. The most crucial ingredient in all learning is

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experience.

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2. Learning that certain events occur together is called

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associative learning.

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3. Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. Thisbest illustrates

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operant conditioning

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4. In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the

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US.

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5. If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with thepresentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n)

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conditioned response.

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6. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. Inthis fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the

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conditioned stimulus

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7. If a tone that regularly signals food triggers a salivation response, then a light that becomes associated with that tonemay also begin to trigger salivation. This best illustrates

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higher-order conditioning.

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8. After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. Asa result, ________ occurred.

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extinction

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9. After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any womanwearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

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generalization.

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10. Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise,however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This suddenanxiety best illustrates

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spontaneous recovery

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11. Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip's newly developed tendency to fear all smallanimals demonstrates the process of

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generalization.

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12. Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates theprocess of

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discrimination.

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13. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that

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B) the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur.

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14. After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina'spattern of fear best illustrates

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discrimination.

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15. After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop anaversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classicalconditioning.

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cognitive processes

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16. Birds appear to be biologically predisposed to develop aversions to the ________ of tainted food.

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sight

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17. Professor Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person’s inborn emotionalreactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. The professor’s emphasis bestillustrates

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a biopsychosocial approach.

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18. Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

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survival.

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19. Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

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operant conditioning

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20. Which of the following is most clearly an operant behavior?

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whining

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21. The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

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shaping.

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22. To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedureknown as

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shaping.

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23. Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In thiscase, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

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positive reinforcer

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24. Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________reinforcement schedule.

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fixed-ratio

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25. An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a

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punishment.

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26. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

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D) unpredictable number of responses have been made.

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27. A child learns to stop fighting with his brother after the fight leads to suspension of the child’s TV-viewing privileges.In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a

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negative punishment.

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28. Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representationsare called

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cognitive maps.

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29. Latent learning can occur in the absence of

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cognition.

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30. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates theimportance of ________ in learning.

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biological predispositions

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31. When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learnsto imitate that sequence. This best illustrates

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observational learning

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32. Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth arealso activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointedto the significance of

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mirror neurons

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33. Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.

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modeling

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34. Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that

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B) viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively.

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35. Prolonged exposure to TV violence leads viewers to experience

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B) less sympathy for victims of violence and to become less upset by the sight of real-life violence.