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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
alveol/o
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alveolos (air sac)
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bronch/o, bronchi/o
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bronchus (airway)
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole (little airway)
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capn/o, carb/o
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carbon dioxide
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laryng/o
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larynx (voice box)
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lob/o
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lobe (a portion)
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nas/o, rhin/o
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nose
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or/o
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mouth
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ox/o
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oxygen
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palat/o
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palate
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pharyng/o
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pharynx
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phren/o
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diaphragm (also mind)
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pleur/o
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pleura (lining of the lungs)
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pneum/o, pneumon/o
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air or lung
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pulmon/o
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lung
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sinus/o
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sinus (cavity)
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spir/o
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breathing
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thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o
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chest
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tonsill/o
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tonsil
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trache/o
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trachea (windpipe)
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uvul/o
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uvula
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-pnea
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breathing
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nose
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structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; houses receptors for smell
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sinuses
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air filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
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palate
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the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard and soft palate
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pharynx
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throat; passageway for the food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
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nasopharynx
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part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
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oropharynx
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central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
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laryngopharynx
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lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and esophagus
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tonsils
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oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils
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adenoid
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lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
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uvula
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small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate, named for its grapelike shape
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larynx
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voice box,; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
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glottis
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opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
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epiglottis
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a lid like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
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trachea
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windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into right and left bronchus
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bronchial tree
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branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
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right and left bronchus
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two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
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bronchioles
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progressively smaller tubular branches of air paths
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alveoli
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thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
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lungs
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two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
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lobes
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subdivisions of the lung; two on the left and three on the right
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pleura
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membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
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pleural cavity
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potential space between visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
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diaphragm
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muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves up and down to aid respiration
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mediastinum
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partition that separates the thorax into two compartments and encloses the hear, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
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mucous membranes
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thins sheets of tissue that line reparatory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid fluid
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cilia
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hair like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucus cell secretions upward
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parenchyma
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functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts and sacs that perform respiration
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eupnea
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normal breathing
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bradypnea
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slow breathing
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tachypnea
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fast breathing
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hypopnea
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shallow breathing
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hyperpnea
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deep breathing
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dyspnea
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difficulty breathing
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apnea
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inability to breathe
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orthopnea
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ability to breathe only in the upright position
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease resulting in apnea
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crackles
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popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs when air enters diseased airways and alveoli
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rales
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popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs when air enters diseased airways and alveoli
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wheezes
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high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
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rhonchi
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high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
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stridor
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a high pitched crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway
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cyanosis
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a bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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dysphonia (phon/o = voice or sound0
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hoarseness
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epistaxis (stazo = to drip)
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nosebleed
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expectoration
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coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
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sputum
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material expelled from the lungs by coughing
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hemoptysis (ptysis = spit)
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coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs
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hypercapnia, hypercarbia
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excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
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hyperventilation
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excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia
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hypoventilation
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deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
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hypoxemia
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deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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hypoxia
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deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
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obstructive lung disorder
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condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
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restrictive lung disorder
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condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
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caseous necrosis
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degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese like appearance
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pulmonary edema
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fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli and eventually flooding into the alveoli
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pulmonary infiltrate
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density on an x-ray representing the consolidation of the matter within air spaced of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
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rhinorrhea
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thin, watery discharge from the nose
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asthma
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panting, obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane
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atelectasis
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collapse of lung tissue
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bronchitis
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inflammation of the bronchi
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi
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bronchospasm
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constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle
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emphysema
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obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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laryngitis
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inflammation of the larynx
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laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), croup
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inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct, “seal bark” cough
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laryngospasm
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spasm of laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
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nasal polyposis
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presence of numerous polyps in the nose (tumor on a stalk)
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pharyngitis
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inflammation of the pharynx
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coryza
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head cold; inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes
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pleural effusion
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accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity
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empyema, pyothorax
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accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
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hemothorax
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blood in pleural cavity
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pleuritis, pleurisy
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inflammation of the pleura
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pneumoconiosis
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chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dust such as coal
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pneumonia
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an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites
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pneumocystis pneumonia
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pneumonia caused by the pneumocystis carinii organism, common in people with AIDS
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pneumohemothorax
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air and blood in the pleural cavity
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pneumonitis
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inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dust
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pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
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disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation and necrotizing caseous lesions
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sinusitis
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inflammation of the sinuses
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sleep apnea
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periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
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tonsillitis
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acute of chronic inflammation of the tonsils
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upper respiratory infection (URI)
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infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx and bronchi
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arterial blood gases (ABGs)
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analysis of arterial blood to determine adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
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pH
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a measure of the blood acidity or alkalinity
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PaO2
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partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood
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PaCO2
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
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endoscopy
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examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic treatment purposes
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bronchoscopy
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use of bronchoscope to examine air ways
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nasopharyngoscopy
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use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, growths, and cancers
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auscultation
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to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope
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percussion
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tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest
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lung biopsy
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removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
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lung scan
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a two part scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation or perfusion
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magnetic resonance image (MRI)
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non ionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
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polysomnography (PSG)
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recording of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders
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pulmonary function testing (PET)
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direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
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spirometry
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a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
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tidal volume (TV or Vt)
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amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration
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vital capacity (VC)
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amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
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peak flow (PF), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
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measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
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chest x-ray (CXR)
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x-ray of the chest to visualize the lungs
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pulmonary angiography
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x-ray of the blood vessels of lungs after injection of contrast material
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adenoidectomy
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excision of adenoids
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lobectomy
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removal of a lobe of a lung
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nasal polypectomy
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removal of a nasal polyp
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pneumonectomy
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removal of and entire lung
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thoracentesis
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puncture for aspiration of the chest
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thoracoplasty
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repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
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thoracoscopy
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endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope
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thoracostomy
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creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tub
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thoracotomy
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incision into chest
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tonsillectomy
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excision of palatine tonsils
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tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A)
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excision of tonsils and adenoids
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tracheostomy
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creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
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tracheotomy
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incision into the trachea
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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a method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygeneted blood to vital organs when breathing and the heart have stopped
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continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
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a device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure and sleep apnea
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endotracheal intubation
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passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs
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incentive spirometry
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a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hole an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
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mechanical ventilation
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mechanical breathing using a ventilator
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antibiotic
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a drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
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anticoagulant
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a dug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels
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antihistamine
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a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
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histamine
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a compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels
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bronchodilator
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a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
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expectorant
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a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
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